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CLOC
CLOC (an acronym derived from CoLOCation) was a first generation general purpose text analyzer program. It was produced at the University of Birmingham and could produce concordances as well as word lists and collocational analysis of text. First-generation concordancers were typically held on a mainframe computer and used at a single site; individual research teams would build their own concordancer and use it on the data they had access to locally, any further analysis was done by separate programs. History CLOC was written by Alan Reed in Algol 68-R which was available only on the ICT 1900 series of computer at that time. Perhaps because it was designed for use in a department of linguistics rather than by computer specialists it had the distinction of having a comparatively simple user interface, it also has some useful features for studying collations or the co-occurrence of words. CLOC was used in the COBUILD project that was headed by Professor John Sinclair.https://www.a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Birmingham
The University of Birmingham (informally Birmingham University) is a Public university, public research university located in Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom. It received its royal charter in 1900 as a successor to Queen's College, Birmingham (founded in 1825 as the William Sands Cox, Birmingham School of Medicine and Surgery), and Mason Science College (established in 1875 by Sir Josiah Mason), making it the first English red brick university, civic or 'red brick' university to receive its own royal charter. The present iteration of the university was modeled after Cornell University. It is a founding member of both the Russell Group of British research universities and the international network of research universities, Universitas 21. The student population includes undergraduate and postgraduate students in 2019–20, which is the List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrollment, largest in the UK (out of ). The annual income of the university for 2020–21 wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordance (publishing)
A concordance is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, listing every instance of each word with its immediate context. Concordances have been compiled only for works of special importance, such as the Vedas, Bible, Qur'an or the works of Shakespeare, James Joyce or classical Latin and Greek authors, because of the time, difficulty, and expense involved in creating a concordance in the pre- computer era. A concordance is more than an index, with additional material such as commentary, definitions and topical cross-indexing which makes producing one a labor-intensive process even when assisted by computers. In the precomputing era, search technology was unavailable, and a concordance offered readers of long works such as the Bible something comparable to search results for every word that they would have been likely to search for. Today, the ability to combine the result of queries concerning multiple terms (such as searching for words ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collocation
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation is a type of compositional phraseme, meaning that it can be understood from the words that make it up. This contrasts with an idiom, where the meaning of the whole cannot be inferred from its parts, and may be completely unrelated. An example of a phraseological collocation is the expression ''strong tea''. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent ''powerful tea'', this adjective does not modify ''tea'' frequently enough for English speakers to become accustomed to its co-occurrence and regard it as idiomatic or unmarked. (By way of counterexample, ''powerful'' is idiomatically preferred to ''strong'' when modifying a ''computer'' or a ''car''.) There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordancer
A concordancer is a computer program that automatically constructs a concordance. The output of a concordancer may serve as input to a translation memory system for computer-assisted translation, or as an early step in machine translation. Concordancers are also used in corpus linguistics to retrieve alphabetically or otherwise sorted lists of linguistic data from the corpus in question, which the corpus linguist then analyzes. A number of concordancers have been published notably Oxford Concordance Program (OCP), a concordancer first released in 1981 by Oxford University Computing Services claims to be used in over 200 organisations worldwide. The Oxford Concordance Program Version 2 S. Hockey J. Martin Literary and Linguistic Computing, Volume 2, Issue 2, 1 January 1987, Pages 125–131, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/2. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mainframe Computer
A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers. Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers. The term ''mainframe'' was derived from the large cabinet, called a ''main frame'', that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term ''mainframe'' was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines. Design Modern mainframe design is characterized less ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ALGOL 68-R
ALGOL 68-R was the first implementation of the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68. In December 1968, the report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 was published. On 20–24 July 1970 a working conference was arranged by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) to discuss the problems of implementing the language, a small team from the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE) attended to present their compiler, written by I. F. Currie, Susan G. Bond, and J. D. Morrison. In the face of estimates of up to 100 man-years to implement the language, using multi-pass compilers with up to seven passes, they described how they had already implemented a one-pass compiler which was in production for engineering and scientific uses. The compiler The ALGOL 68-R compiler was initially written in a local dialect of ALGOL 60 with extensions for address manipulation and list processing. The parser was written using J. M. Foster's '' Syntax Improving Device'' (SID) parser generator. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ICT 1900 Series
ICT 1900 was a family of mainframe computers released by International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) and later International Computers Limited (ICL) during the 1960s and 1970s. The 1900 series was notable for being one of the few non-American competitors to the IBM System/360, enjoying significant success in the European and British Commonwealth markets. Origins In early 1963, ICT was engaged in negotiations to buy the computer business of Ferranti. In order to sweeten the deal, Ferranti demonstrated to ICT the Ferranti-Packard 6000 (FP6000) machine, which had been developed by its Canadian subsidiary Ferranti-Packard, to a design known as Harriac that had been initiated in Ferranti by Harry Johnson and fleshed out by Stanley Gill and John Iliffe. The FP6000 was an advanced design, notably including hardware support for multiprogramming. ICT considered using the FP6000 as their medium-sized processor in the 1965–1968 timeframe, replacing the ICT 1302. Another pla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COBUILD
COBUILD, an acronym for Collins Birmingham University International Language Database, is a British research facility set up at the University of Birmingham in 1980 and funded by Collins publishers. The facility was initially led by Professor John Sinclair. The most important achievements of the COBUILD project have been the creation and analysis of an electronic corpus of contemporary text, the ''Collins Corpus'', later leading to the development of the Bank of English, and the production of the monolingual learner's dictionary ''Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary'', again based on the study of the COBUILD corpus and first published in 1987. A number of other dictionaries and grammars have also been published, all based exclusively on evidence from the Bank of English The Bank of English is a representative subset of the 4.5 billion words COBUILD corpus, a collection of English texts. These are mainly British in origin, but content from North America, Australia, New ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John McHardy Sinclair
John McHardy Sinclair (14 June 1933 – 13 March 2007) was a Professor of Modern English Language at Birmingham University from 1965 to 2000. He pioneered work in corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, lexicography, and language teaching. Biography Moving from Scotland to Birmingham in 1965 with his wife Myfanwy Sinclair and their three children, John Sinclair began work at the University of Birmingham as the foundation chair of Modern English Language. Sinclair was a first-generation modern corpus linguist and the founder of the COBUILD COBUILD, an acronym for Collins Birmingham University International Language Database, is a British research facility set up at the University of Birmingham in 1980 and funded by Collins publishers. The facility was initially led by Professor Jo ... project. This project's aim was to build corpus-driven lexicons for foreign learners of English. He became chief adviser of Collins' ''Cobuild English Language Dictionary,'' whose first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lou Burnard
Lou Burnard (born 1946 in Birmingham, England) is an internationally recognised expert in digital humanities, particularly in the area of text encoding and digital libraries. He was assistant director of Oxford University Computing Services (OUCS) from 2001 to September 2010 where he officially retired from OUCS. Prior to that, he was manager of the Humanities Computing Unit at OUCS for five years. He has worked in ICT support for research in the humanities since the 1990s. He was one of the founding editors of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) and continues to play an active part in its maintenance and development, as a consultant to the TEI Technical Council and as an elected TEI board member. He has played a key role in the establishment of many other key activities and initiatives in this area, such as the UK Arts and Humanities Data Service, and the British National Corpus and has published and lectured widely. Since 2008 he has also worked as a Member of the Conseil Scient ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
