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CBRN
Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence (CBRN defence) are protective measures taken in situations in which chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear warfare (including terrorism) hazards may be present. CBRN defence consists of CBRN passive protection, contamination avoidance, and weapons of mass destruction mitigation. A CBRN incident differs from a hazardous material incident in both scope (i.e., CBRN can be a mass casualty situation) and intent. CBRN incidents are responded to under the assumption that they are intentional and malicious; evidence preservation and perpetrator apprehension are of greater concern than with HAZMAT incidents. A 2011 forecast concluded that worldwide government spending on CBRN defence products and services would reach US$8.38bn that year. Etymology In English the term ''CBRN'' is a replacement for the 1960s–1980s term ''NBC'' (nuclear, biological, and chemical), which had replaced the term ''ABC'' (atomic, biological, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weapon Of Mass Destruction
A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to numerous individuals or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically. Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives during World War II, it has later come to refer to large-scale weaponry of warfare-related technologies, such as chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear warfare. Early uses of this term The first use of the term "weapon of mass destruction" on record is by Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1937 in reference to the aerial bombing of Guernica, Spain: At the time, nuclear weapons had not been developed. Japan conducted research on biological weapons (see Unit 731), and chemica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Warfare
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered " weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs), a term that contrasts with conventional weapons. The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law. Definition Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force. The offensive use of living organisms (such as anthrax) is considered biological warfare rather than chemical warfare; however, the use of nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms (e.g. toxins such as botulinum toxin, ricin, and saxitoxin) ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Improvised Explosive Device
An improvised explosive device (IED) is a bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an artillery shell, attached to a detonating mechanism. IEDs are commonly used as roadside bombs, or homemade bombs. IEDs are generally done in these terrorism operations or in asymmetric unconventional warfare by insurgent guerrillas or commando forces in a theatre of operations. In the Iraq War (2003–2011), insurgents used IEDs extensively against U.S.-led forces and, by the end of 2007, IEDs were responsible for approximately 63% of coalition deaths in Iraq. They were also used in Afghanistan by insurgent groups, and caused over 66% of coalition casualties in the 2001–2021 Afghanistan War. IEDs were also used frequently by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka during the Sri Lankan Civil War. Background An IED is a bomb fabricated in an improvised ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Warfare
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living organisms or replicating entities ( ''i.e.'' viruses, which are not universally considered "alive"). Entomological (insect) warfare is a subtype of biological warfare. Offensive biological warfare is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law and several international treaties. In particular, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) bans the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons. Therefore, the use of biological agents in armed conflict is a war crime. In contrast, defensive biological research for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes is n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Warfare
Nuclear warfare, also known as atomic warfare, is a theoretical military conflict or prepared political strategy that deploys nuclear weaponry. Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction; in contrast to conventional warfare, nuclear warfare can produce destruction in a much shorter time and can have a long-lasting radiological result. A major nuclear exchange would likely have long-term effects, primarily from the fallout released, and could also lead to secondary effects, such as " nuclear winter", nuclear famine and societal collapse. A global thermonuclear war with Cold War-era stockpiles, or even with the current smaller stockpiles, may lead to various scenarios including the extinction of the human race. To date, the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict occurred in 1945 with the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On August 6, 1945, a uranium gun-type device (code name "Little Boy") was detonated over the Japanese city of Hir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
US Navy 040117-N-0331L-023 Nuclear, Biological, And Chemical (NBC) Disposal Technicians From The 1st Marines 1st Battalion Prepare To Search The Military Sealift Command (MSC) Combat Stores Ship USNS Saturn (T-AFS 10)
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in free association with three Pacific Island sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. It is the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 million, it is the most populous country in the Americas and the third most populous in the world. The national capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. and its most populous city and principal financial center is New York City. Paleo-Amer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Marine Corps
) , colors=Red and white , colors_label=Colors , march= , mascot= , battles =Portuguese conquest of French Guiana, Invasion of Cayenne (1809)Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental, Banda Oriental Conquest (1816)War of Independence of Brazil, War of Independence (1821–1824)Confederation of the Equator(1824)Cisplatine War(1825–1828)Ragamuffin War(1835–1845)Platine War(1851–1852)Uruguayan War(1864–1865)Paraguayan War(1864–1870)Brazilian Naval Revolt, Naval Revolt(1893-1894)Araguaia guerrilla (1972-1974)Maré, Rio de Janeiro, Operation São Francisco (2014)Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions, U.N. missionsUnited Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, Haiti (2004-2017) , anniversaries= March 7 , decorations= , battle_honours= , commander1= President of Brazil, President Jair Bolsonaro , commander1_label= Commander-in-chief#Brazil, Commander-in-Chief , commander2= Admiral Almir Garnier Santos , commander2_label= Commander of the Navy , commander3= Admiral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Special Operations Command
The Brazilian Special Operations Command ( pt, Comando de Operações Especiais - C Op Esp) is a part of the Brazilian Army Commands, specifically the Land Army Command. Headquartered in Central Brazil, in Goiânia, C OP ESP is positioned under the larger Planalto Military Command. Specifically, it is linked to the Terrestrial Operations Command (COTER). Its motto; "any mission, in any place, at any time, by every way", perfectly sums up the capabilities of C Op Esp. Creation of C Op Esp C Op Esp traces its roots all the way back to 1957, when it was created as a parachute rescue group that conducted deep forest rescue operations. Special operations were then disbanded for much of the 20th century, but in 2003, the Presidential Decree No. 4.289 created the Special Operations Brigade that Brazil employs today. In 2013, the ordinance of Army Commander 142 changed the brigade's designation to Special Operations Command (C Op Esp). Missions and Capabilities Today C Op Esp is a hig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Presidential Guard Battalion (Brazil)
The Presidential Guard Battalion - Duke of Caxias Battalion ( pt, Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial - Batalhão Duque de Caxias; BGP), also known by its historical designation as the Emperor's Battalion (''Batalhão do Imperador''), is a unit of the Brazilian Army and honour guard to the President of Brazil. Two other units, the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment ( pt, 1º Regimento de Cavalaria de Guardas; RCG; also known as the "Independence Dragoons") and the Cayenne Battery, are also part of the presidential honour guard unit. It is currently a part of the Planalto Military Command. This battalion had its origins in the Emperor's Battalion, organized in 1823 during the peace campaigns that followed the Declaration of Independence and wears its 19th-century uniforms. History After Portugal's Crown Prince Pedro had proclaimed the independence of Brazil from Portugal, on 7 September 1822, some troops remained loyal to Portugal. To guarantee national independence, these troops had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Army Police (Brazil)
The Army Police ( pt, Polícia do Exército, PE) are the Military Police of the Brazilian Army. Their history dates back to 1944. In the Brazilian Army, the Military Police is a specialty of Infantry. The operational units are battalions and companies. Members of the Brazilian Military Police identified by the use of helmet and black brassards with the letters "PE" in white (or blue-collar and white helmet with red letters). Duties The activities undertaken by the PE are as follows: * Ensure compliance with the law, orders, and compliance with military regulations; * Prevent crime * Perform routine investigations in the Army; * Traffic police and staff; * Traffic control in military areas; * Security of military installations and offices ; * Escort of senior officials and military convoys; * Safety and security of military and civilian personnel; * Criminal investigations; * Guard prisoners at the disposal of military justice; * Skill variety: ** scientific examinations; * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
São Paulo (state)
São Paulo () is one of the Federative units of Brazil, 26 states of the Brazil, Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Paul of Tarsus, Saint Paul of Tarsus. A major industrial complex, the state has 21.9% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 33.9% of Brazil's GDP. São Paulo also has the List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index, second-highest Human Development Index (HDI) and GDP per capita, the List of Brazilian states by infant mortality, fourth-lowest infant mortality rate, the List of Brazilian states by life expectancy, third-highest life expectancy, and the List of Brazilian states by literacy rate, third-lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil. São Paulo alone is wealthier than Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia combined. São Paulo is also the world's twenty-eighth-most populous Administrative division, sub-national entity and the most populous sub-national entity in the Americas. With more than 4 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iperó
Iperó is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba. The population is 37,964 (2020 est.) in an area of 170.29 km². The elevation is 590 m. The Sorocaba River The Sorocaba River ( Portuguese, ''Rio Sorocaba'') is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Tietê River. The river runs large and important part of the municipality of Sorocaba. Geography Sorocaba headw ... flows near Iperó. Iperó is accessed with the highway SP-280. Population history Demographics According to the 2000 IBGE Census, the population was 18,384, of which 12,649 are urban and 5,735 are rural. The average life expectancy was 72.42 years. The literacy rate was 91.8%. References External links * http://www.ipero.sp.gov.br *Iperó on citybrazil.com.br Municipalities in São Paulo (state) {{SaoPauloState-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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