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CAM Clade
The CAM clade is a clade containing the Archaeplastida (Plant, Plantae ''sensu lato'') and the clade Pancryptista (which, in turn, contains Cryptista and Microheliella, ''Microheliella maris''). This clade is supported by phylogenomic analyses from 2022 that mainly support the clade Pancryptista, but also mention that its closest lineage is Archaeplastida, making them sister taxa. Together, they form the clade "CAM", which stands for the constituent clades (Cryptista, Archaeplastida, and ''Microheliella''). Classification The following cladogram shows the placement of the subclades within CAM: References Diaphoretickes taxa Eukaryote taxa {{Eukaryote-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pancryptista
Pancryptista is a clade that includes the Cryptista as well as the ''Microheliella''. Phylogenomic analyses from 2022 suggest the ''Microheliella'' is sister to the Cryptista, forming the clade called Pancryptista, which would be sister to the Archaeplastida, forming the CAM (clade), CAM clade. References Taxa described in 2022 Diaphoretickes taxa {{cryptista-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptista
Cryptista is a clade of alga-like eukaryotes. It is most likely related to Archaeplastida which includes plants and many algae, within the larger group Diaphoretickes. Other characteristic features of cryptophyte mtDNAs include large syntenic clusters resembling α-proteobacterial operons that encode bacteria-like rRNAs, tRNAs, and ribosomal protein genes. Additionally, they are an evolutionarily significant lineage found in mostly marine, glacial and freshwater environments. Although it has sometimes placed along with Haptista in the group Hacrobia, within the kingdom Chromista, most recent studies have found that Hacrobia is not a clade. For example, in 2016, a broad phylogenomic study found that cryptists fall within the group Archaeplastida, while haptophytes are closely related to the SAR supergroup. Taxonomy Based on studies done by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 * Corbihelia ** Clade Endohelia Cavalier-Smith 2015 *** Clade Endohelea Cavalier-Smith 2012 * Cla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microheliella
''Microheliella'' () is a monotypic genus of protists containing the sole species ''M. maris'', first described in 2012. It has a variety of unusual morphological characteristics which make its broader classification difficult. These include a centrosome with two concentric granular shells and axopodia much simpler in structure than in visually similar protists (other 'heliozoa'). Etymology The generic name ''Microheliella'', as well as the names of the family Microheliellidae and order Microhelida, derive , referring to the small cell size and the authors' wishes to retain the original informal name 'microheliozoan' given to this organism prior to its formal description. The specific epithet ''maris'' refers to seawater, its natural habitat. Taxonomy The genus ''Microheliella'' was described from an organism discovered contaminating a culture of the amoeba ''Cochliopodium'' from the Ebro Delta, Spain, collected in 2003 by Alexey Smirnov. This organism was subsequently transferre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeplastida
The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae '' sensu lato'' "in a broad sense"; pronounced ) are a major group of eukaryotes, comprising the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, land plants, and the minor group glaucophytes. It also includes the non-photosynthetic lineage Rhodelphidia, a predatorial (eukaryotrophic) flagellate that is sister to the Rhodophyta, and probably the microscopic picozoans. The Archaeplastida have chloroplasts that are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting that they were acquired directly through a single endosymbiosis event by phagocytosis of a cyanobacterium. All other groups which have chloroplasts, besides the amoeboid genus '' Paulinella'', have chloroplasts surrounded by three or four membranes, suggesting they were acquired secondarily from red or green algae. Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes have never been involved in secondary endosymbiosis events. The cells of the Archaeplastida typically lack centrioles and have mit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodophyta
Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900 genera amidst ongoing taxonomic revisions. The majority of species (6,793) are Florideophyceae, and mostly consist of multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. Red algae are abundant in marine habitats. Approximately 5% of red algae species occur in freshwater environments, with greater concentrations in warmer areas. Except for two coastal cave dwelling species in the asexual class Cyanidiophyceae, no terrestrial species exist, which may be due to an evolutionary bottleneck in which the last common ancestor lost about 25% of its core genes and much of its evolutionary plasticity. Red algae form a distinct group characterized by eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles, chloroplasts without external endoplasmic reticulum or unstacked (stroma) thylako ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodelphidia
''Rhodelphis'' is a single-celled archaeplastid that lives in aquatic environments and is the sister group to red algae and possibly Picozoa. While red algae have no flagellated stages and are generally photoautotrophic, ''Rhodelphis'' is a flagellated predator containing a non-photosynthetic plastid. This group is important to the understanding of plastid evolution because they provide insight into the morphology and biochemistry of early archaeplastids. ''Rhodelphis'' contains a remnant plastid that is not capable of photosynthesis, but may play a role in biochemical pathways in the cell like heme synthesis and iron-sulfur clustering. The plastid does not have a genome, but genes are targeted to it from the nucleus. ''Rhodelphis'' is ovoid with a tapered anterior end bearing two perpendicularly-oriented flagella. Taxonomy History and location ''Rhodelphis'' was described in 2019 by Ryan M. R. Gawryluk and coauthors, through a paper published in ''Nature''. The genus was c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glaucophyta
The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments, less common today than they were during the Proterozoic. The stated number of species in the group varies from about 14 to 26. Together with the red algae (Rhodophyta) and the green algae plus land plants ( Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida), they form the Archaeplastida. The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the evolution of chloroplasts as they may be similar to the original algal type that led to the red algae and green plants, i.e. glaucophytes may be basal Archaeplastida. Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction. Reproduction Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction. Glaucophytes reproduce exclusively through asexual means. They undergo open mitosis without centrioles, a trait shared with other basal eukaryotes. Reproductive modes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viridiplantae
Viridiplantae (; kingdom Plantae '' sensu stricto'') is a clade of around 450,000–500,000 species of eukaryotic organisms, most of which obtain their energy by photosynthesis. The green plants are chloroplast-bearing autotrophs that play important primary production roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They include green algae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (embryophytes, Plantae '' sensu strictissimo''), which emerged within freshwater green algae. Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants, rendering them a paraphyletic group, however it is cladistically accurate to think of land plants as a special clade of green algae that evolved to thrive on dry land. Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them. Viridiplantae species all have cells with cellulose in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Picozoa
Picozoa, Picobiliphyta, Picobiliphytes, or Biliphytes are protists of a phylum of marine unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with a size of less than about 3 micrometers. They were formerly treated as eukaryotic algae and the smallest member of photosynthetic picoplankton before it was discovered they do not perform photosynthesis. The first species identified therein is ''Picomonas judraskeda''. They probably belong in the Archaeplastida as sister of the Rhodophyta. They were formerly placed within the cryptomonads-haptophytes assemblage. Discovery At the end of the 1990s the European project "Picodiv" clarified which organisms occur in picoplankton. In addition, for a period of two years, samples were taken in the Atlantic, in the Mediterranean, before the coast of Scotland, Alaska and Norway. Picobiliphyta were found particularly within the nutrient-poor ranges from cold coastal seas, where they can constitute up to 50 percent of the biomass. Affinities to other organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water, using the green pigment chlorophyll. Exceptions are parasitic plants that have lost the genes for chlorophyll and photosynthesis, and obtain their energy from other plants or fungi. Most plants are multicellular organism, multicellular, except for some green algae. Historically, as in Aristotle's biology, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi. Definitions have narrowed since then; current definitions exclude fungi and some of the algae. By the definition used in this article, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (green plants), which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants (hornworts, liverworts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenomic
Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics. The term has been used in multiple ways to refer to analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions. It is a group of techniques within the larger fields of phylogenetics and genomics. Phylogenomics draws information by comparing entire genomes, or at least large portions of genomes. Phylogenetics compares and analyzes the sequences of single genes, or a small number of genes, as well as many other types of data. Four major areas fall under phylogenomics: * Prediction of gene function * Establishment and clarification of evolutionary relationships * Gene family evolution * Prediction and retracing lateral gene transfer. The ultimate goal of phylogenomics is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of species through their genomes. This history is usually inferred from a series of genomes by using a genome evolution model and standard statistical inference methods (e.g. Bayesian inference or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diaphoretickes Taxa
Diaphoretickes is a major group of eukaryotic organisms spanning over 400,000 species. The majority of the earth's biomass that carries out photosynthesis belongs to Diaphoretickes. In older classification systems, members of the Diaphoretickes were variously placed in the kingdoms Protozoa or Protista. Etymology The name Diaphoretickes derives (''diaforetikés'') meaning diverse, dissimilar, referring to the wide morphological and cellular diversity among members of this clade. History Eukaryotes, organisms whose cells contain a nucleus, have been traditionally grouped into four kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi and protists. In the late 20th century, molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that protists are a paraphyletic assortment of many independent evolutionary lineages or clades, from which animals, fungi and plants evolved. However, the relationships between these clades remained difficult to assess due to technological limitations. Starting in the early 2000s, imp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
