Arundinoideae
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Arundinoideae
The Arundinoideae are a subfamily of the true grass family Poaceae with around 40 species, including giant reed and common reed. Unlike many other members of the PACMAD clade of grasses, the Arundinoideae all use C3 photosynthesis. Their sister group is the subfamily Micrairoideae. Arundinoideae used to be quite large in older taxonomic systems, with over 700 species, but most of them have been moved to other subfamilies following phylogenetic analyses. Currently, species are placed in 16 genera and two tribes. Tribes and genera ; Arundineae ::*'' Amphipogon'' (syn. ''Diplopogon'') ::*'' Arundo'' ::*'' Dregeochloa'' ::*'' Monachather'' ; Molinieae :Subtribe Crinipinae ::*'' Crinipes'' ::*''Elytrophorus'' ::*'' Pratochloa'' ::*'' Styppeiochloa'' :Subtribe Moliniinae ::*'' Hakonechloa'' ::*'' Molinia'' ::*'' Moliniopsis'' ::*'' Phragmites'' :''incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown o ...
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Micrairoideae
Micrairoideae is a subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Within the PACMAD clade, it is sister to subfamily Arundinoideae. It includes roughly 190 species in nine genera. A phylogenetic classification of the grasses recognises four main lineages, classified as tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict .... Only species in tribe Eriachneae (genera '' Eriachne'' and '' Pheidochloa'') have evolved the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Phylogeny Relationships of tribes in the Micrairoideae according to a 2017 phylogenetic classification, also showing the Arundinoideae as sister group: References * Poaceae subfamilies {{Poaceae-stub ...
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Poaceae
Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and pasture. The latter are commonly referred to collectively as grass. With around 780 genera and around 12,000 species, the Poaceae is the fifth-largest plant family, following the Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. The Poaceae are the most economically important plant family, including staple foods from domesticated cereal crops such as maize, wheat, rice, oats, barley, and millet for people and as feed for meat-producing animals. They provide, through direct human consumption, just over one-half (51%) of all dietary energy; rice provides 20%, wheat supplies 20%, maize (corn) 5.5%, and other grains 6%. Some members of the Poaceae are used as building materials ( bamboo, thatch, and straw); oth ...
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PACMAD Clade
The PACMAD clade (previously PACCMAD, PACCAD, or PACC) is one of two major lineages (or clades) of the true grasses (Poaceae), regrouping six subfamilies and about 5700 species, more than half of all true grasses. Its sister group is the BOP clade. The PACMAD lineage is the only group within the grasses in which the C4 photosynthesis pathway has evolved; studies have shown that this happened independently multiple times. Phylogeny The name of the clade comes from the first initials of the included subfamilies Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae Micrairoideae is a subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Within the PACMAD clade, it is sister to subfamily Arundinoideae. It includes roughly 190 species in nine genera. A phylogenetic classifi ..., Aristidoideae, and Danthonioideae. It has no defined taxonomic rank but is used frequently because it refers to a well-defined monophyletic group with a distinc ...
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Arundo Donax
''Arundo donax'' is a tall perennial cane. It is one of several so-called reed species. It has several common names including giant cane, elephant grass, carrizo, arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, and giant reed. ''Arundo'' and ''donax'' are respectively the old Latin and Greek names for reed. ''Arundo donax'' grows in damp soils, either fresh or moderately saline, and is native to the Greater Middle East.CABI, 2020. Arundo donax (giant reed). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/1940Global Invasive Species Database (2020) Species profile: Arundo donax. Downloaded from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=112 on 12-01-2020. It has been widely planted and naturalised in the mild temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of both hemispheres, especially in the Mediterranean, California, the western Pacific and the Caribbean and is considered invasive in North America and Oceania.Perdue, R ...
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Monachather
''Monachather'', common name mulga oats, is a genus of Australian plants in the grass family Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in .... ;Species The only known species is ''Monachather paradoxus''. Jessop, J. P.; Toelken, H. R. (1986). Flora of South Australia. Part IV, Alismataceae-Orchidaceae. Govt. Print. Division. Adelaide. References External links Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora Arundinoideae Endemic flora of Australia Monotypic Poaceae genera {{Poaceae-stub ...
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Arundo
''Arundo'' is a genus of stout, perennial plants in the grass family. Description ''Arundo'' is native to southern Europe, North Africa, and much of temperate Asia as far east as Japan. They grow to 3–6 m tall, occasionally to 10 m, with leaves 30–60 cm long and 3–6 cm broad. ; Species * '' Arundo collina'' Ten. * '' Arundo donax'' L. – Giant cane, Spanish cane (south and east Mediterranean, to India; naturalised in many additional areas and often invasive) * '' Arundo formosana'' Hack. – Nansei-shoto, Taiwan, Philippines * '' Arundo mediterranea'' Danin – Mediterranean * '' Arundo micrantha'' Lam. – Mediterranean * '' Arundo plinii'' Turra – Pliny's reed – Greece, Italy, Albania, Croatia There are over 200 species once considered part of ''Arundo'' but now regarded as better suited to other genera: ''Achnatherum'', ''Agrostis ''Agrostis'' (bent or bentgrass) is a large and very nearly Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan genus ...
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Amphipogon
''Amphipogon'', the greybeard grasses, is a genus of Australian plants in the grass family. Species , Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: ; Formerly included * ''Amphipogon humilis - Melanocenchris jacquemontii'' See also * List of Poaceae genera Poaceae, also known as the true grasses, is the fourth largest plant family in the world with around 12,000 species and roughly 800 genera. They contain, among others, the cereal crop species and other plants of economic importance, such as the b ... References External links Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora Arundinoideae Poaceae genera Endemic flora of Australia {{Poaceae-stub ...
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Arundineae
Arundineae is a tribe of grasses, containing four genera. It is not to be confused with the bamboo tribe Arundinarieae and the panicoid tribe Arundinelleae Arundinelleae is a tribe of grasses with roughly 90 species in three genera, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. The tribe's sister group are the Andropogoneae The Andropogoneae, sometimes called the sorghum tribe, are a larg .... References Arundinoideae Poaceae tribes {{Poaceae-stub ...
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Dregeochloa
''Dregeochloa'' is a genus of African plants in the grass family. ''Dregeochloa'' is most remarkable for the species ''D. pumila,'' the only known example of leaf succulence in the entire grass family. ; Species * '' Dregeochloa calviniensis'' Conert - Cape Province * '' Dregeochloa pumila'' (Nees) Conert - Namibia, Cape Province The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (), commonly referred to as the Cape Province () and colloquially as The Cape (), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Co ... References Arundinoideae Grasses of Africa Flora of Southern Africa Grasses of South Africa Poaceae genera {{Poaceae-stub ...
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Common Reed
''Phragmites australis'', known as the common reed, is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae. It is a wetland grass that can grow up to tall and has a cosmopolitan distribution worldwide. Description ''Phragmites australis'' commonly forms extensive stands (known as reed beds), which may be as much as or more in extent. Where conditions are suitable it can also spread at or more per year by horizontal runners, which put down roots at regular intervals. It can grow in damp ground, in standing water up to or so deep, or even as a floating mat. The erect stems grow to tall, with the tallest plants growing in areas with hot summers and fertile growing conditions. The leaves are long and broad. The flowers are produced in late summer in a dense, dark purple panicle, about long. Later the numerous long, narrow, sharp pointed spikelets appear greyer due to the growth of long, silky hairs. These eventually help disperse the minute seeds. Taxonomy Recent stu ...
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Sister Group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxono ...
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