Arawakan Languages

	Arawakan Languages Arawakan (''Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper''), also known as Maipurean (also ''Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre''), is a language family that developed among ancient Indigenous peoples in South America. Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. Almost all present-day South American countries are known to have been home to speakers of Arawakan languages, the exceptions being Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock. Name The name ''Maipure'' was given to the family by Filippo S. Gilii in 1782, after the Maipure language of Venezuela, which he used as a basis of his comparisons. It was renamed after the culturally more important Arawak language a century later. The term ''Arawak'' took over, until its use was extended by North American scholars to the broad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion of the Americas. South America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Drake Passage; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. The continent includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territory, dependent territories: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and one administrative division, internal territory: French Guiana. The Dutch Caribbean ABC islands (Leeward Antilles), ABC islands (Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) and Trinidad and Tobago are geologically located on the South-American continental shel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Trade Language A lingua franca (; ; for plurals see ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, link language or language of wider communication (LWC), is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages. Linguae francae have developed around the world throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called "trade languages" facilitated trade), but also for cultural, religious, diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities. The term is taken from the medieval Mediterranean Lingua Franca, a Romance-based pidgin language used especially by traders in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries. A world language—a language spoken int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Jaqi Languages Aymaran (also Jaqi or Aru) is one of the two dominant language families in the central Andes alongside Quechuan. The family consists of Aymara, widely spoken in Bolivia, and the endangered Jaqaru and Kawki languages of Peru. Hardman (1978) proposed the name ''Jaqi'' for the family of languages (1978), Alfredo Torero ''Aru'' 'to speak', and Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino ''Aymaran'', with two branches, Southern (or Altiplano) Aymaran and Central Aymaran (Jaqaru and Kawki). Other names for the family are Jaqui (also spelled Haki) and Aimara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara, and the languages have often been grouped together as Quechumaran. This proposal is controversial, however; the shared vocabulary may be better explained as intensive borrowing due to long-term contact. Family division Aymaran consists of two or three languages: * Aymara. Southern and Central dialects divergent and sometimes considered separate l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Irantxe Language Irántxe (''Irántxe, Iranxe, Iranshe'') , also known as Mỹky (''Münkü'') or still as Irántxe-Münkü, is an indigenous language spoken by the Irántxe (''Iránxe, Iranche, Manoki, Munku'') and Mỹky (''Mynky, Münkü, Munku, Menku, Kenku, Myy'') peoples in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. Recent descriptions of the language analyze it as a language isolate, in that it "bears no similarity with other language families" (Arruda 2003). Monserrat (2010) is a well-reviewed grammar of the language. Vitality and dialects According to the UNESCObr>Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Irántxe-Mỹky is currently not thriving. While the Mỹky dialect is considered "vulnerable", the Irántxe variety is deemed "considerably endangered", with only 10 fluent speakers out of the 356 ethnic Irántxe-Mỹky in the 2006 report. As of 2011, the 280 Irántxe have largely assimilated to Brazilian culture. Most are monolingual in Portuguese, and the remaining Irántxe speakers are ove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Katukina-Katawixi Languages Katukinan (Catuquinan) is a language family consisting of two languages in Brazil, Katukina-Kanamarí and the perhaps moribund Katawixi. It is often not clear which names in the literature, which are generally tribal names and often correspond to dialects, refer to distinct languages. Indeed, they are close enough that some consider them all to be dialects of a single language, Kanamari (Fabre 2005). Campbell (2012) note that Adelaar "presents reasonably persuasive evidence that Harákmbut and Katukinan are genetically related." Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Jivaro, Máku (Jukude), Mura-Matanawi, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Yanomami, and Arawak language families due to contact. This suggests that Katukinan and the language families with which it was in contact with had been earlier spoken within a central Amazon interaction sphere. Classification Many ethnic Katukina had shifted to other languages by the time of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Harakmbet Languages The Harakmbut (Arakmbut, Harakmbet) are indigenous people in Peru. They speak the Harakmbut language. An estimated 2,000 Harakmbut people live in the Madre de Dios Region near the Brazilian border in the Peruvian Amazon."Peru: Indigenous Harakmbut Suffer Effects Of Climate Change." ''Indigenous Peoples Issues and Resources.'' (retrieved 20 Feb 2011) Amarakaeri Amarakaeri are also called Amaracaire or Amarakaire people. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Guahibo Languages Guajiboan (also Guahiban, Wahívoan, Guahiboan) is a language family spoken in the Orinoco River region in eastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela, a savanna region known as the Llanos. Family division Guajiboan consists of 5 languages: * Guajiboan Macaguane (also known as Hitnü, Macaguán, Makawane, Agualinda, Agualinda Guahibo, Támude) Southwest Guajiboan * Guayabero (also known as Cunimía, Mítiwa, Mitúa, Mitu, Hiw, Jiw, Wayavero, Guaviare) * Churuya (also known as Bisanigua, Guaigua) ''(†)'' Central Guajiboan * Guajibo (also known as Guahibo, Sikuani, Sicuani, Chiricoa, Hiwi, Jiwi, Jivi, Wahivo, Wahibo, Guaybo, Goahibo, Guaigua, Guayba, Goahiva) ** Waü (west) Newütjü (also known as Tigrero) Parawá (east) Hamorúa (also known as Amorúa, Jamorúa) Dome (also known as Playero, Cajaro) * Cuiva (also known as Wamonae, Cuiba, Kuiba, Deja, Cuiba-Wámonae) ** Pimenepiwi (Meta river) Aitopiwi (Ariporo river) Yara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Bora-Muinane Languages Boran (also known as Bora–Muinane, Bora–Muiname, Bóran, Miranyan, Miranya, Bórano) is a small language family, consisting of just two languages. Languages The two Boran languages are: Boran * Bora ( Bora–Miranya, Boro, Meamuyna) of western Brazil ( Amazonas State) ** Muinane ( Bora Muinane, Muinane Bora, Muinani, Muename) of southwestern Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ... ( Amazonas Department) Loukotka (1968) also lists Nonuya, spoken at the sources of the Cahuinari River, as a Boran language. Only a few words were documented. Synonymy note: * The name ''Muiname'' has been used to refer to the ''Muinane language (Bora Muinane)'' of the Boran family and also to the '' Nipode language (Witoto Muinane)'' of the Witotoan family. Genetic relat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Arawa Languages Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil ( Amazonas, Acre) and Peru ( Ucayali). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact. Family division Arauan consists of half a dozen languages: * Arawá * Kulina * Deni * Jamamadi * Paumari * Suruwahá Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília. ( = extinct) Arawa '' Suruwaha'' Madi-Deni-Paumari '' Paumari'' '' Deni'', '' Kulina'' Madi-Arawa '' Arawa'' Madi *'' Banawa'' *''Jamamadi'' **'' Jarawara'' Dienst (2010) Internal classification by Dienst (2010): Arawan '' Arawa' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Austroasiatic Languages The Austroasiatic languages ( ) are a large language family spoken throughout Mainland Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in Vietnam and Cambodia, and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of Thailand, Laos, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nepal, and southern China. Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are Vietnamese language, Vietnamese speakers. Of the Austroasiatic languages, only Vietnamese language, Vietnamese, Khmer language, Khmer, and Mon language, Mon have lengthy, established presences in the historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the national languages of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the Wa language is a "recognized national language" in the de facto autonomous Wa State within M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]

Amarakaeri