Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

( Amazonas,

Acre The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, of a square mile, 4,840 square ...

) and

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...

(

Ucayali The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city ...

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma,

Yanomami The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. Etymology The ethnonym ''Yanomami' ...

Arawak The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater ...

Nadahup The Naduhup languages, also known as Makú (Macú) or ''Vaupés–Japurá'', form a small language family in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The name '' Makú'' is pejorative, being derived from an Arawakan word meaning "without speech". ''N ...

, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact.

Family division

Arauan consists of half a dozen languages: * Arawá † * Kulina * Deni *

Jamamadi The Jamamadí, also called the Yamamadi, Kanamanti, Jeoromitxi, Kapaná, and Kapinamari, are an indigenous people who live in Acre and Amazonas, Brazil. They speak the Jamamadi language, part of the Arawá language family. Their territory is bet ...

* Paumari * Suruwahá

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation,

University of Brasília The University of Brasília ( pt, Universidade de Brasília, UnB) is a federal public university in Brasília, the capital of Brazil. It was founded in 1960 and has since consistently been named among the top five Brazilian universities and the ...

. († = extinct) ;Arawa *'' Suruwaha'' *Madi-Deni-Paumari **'' Paumari'' **'' Deni'', '' Kulina'' **Madi-Arawa ***'' Arawa'' † ***Madi: '' Banawa''; ''

''; '' Jarawara''

Dienst (2010)

Internal classification by Dienst (2010): ;Arawan *'' Arawa'' † *'' Paumari'' *'' Suruwahá'' *Madi-Madihá **Madi ***''Eastern

'' ***''

Banawá The Banawá (also Banawa, Banavá, Jafí, Kitiya, Banauá) are an indigenous group living along the Banawá River in the Amazonas State, Brazil. Their territory is between the Juruá and Purus Rivers. Approximately 158 Banawá people live in ...

'' ***'' Jarawara'' **Madihá ***'' Kulina'' ***''Western Jamamadi'' ***'' Deni''

Mason (1950)

Arauá internal classification by Mason (1950): *Arauá *Culino **Culina **Curia **Curiana **Culiña *Pama **Pama **Pamana *Yamamadí **Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo **Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí) **Yuberi *Madihá *Sewacu *Sipó

Other varieties

* Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the Himarimã people along the Piranha River between the

Juruá River The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characterist ...

and

Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge (hydrology), discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto P ...

. Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, it is believed to be Arawan. Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968): *Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the

. (Unattested) *Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the Inauini River, a tributary of the upper

. (Unattested) *Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the

Ituxi River Ituxi River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Purus River. Course The Ituxi River is in length. It originates near Acrelândia in the state of Acre. It is a blackwater river that flows through the I ...

and Sepatini River in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested) *Sewacu - once spoken on the Pauini River, now on the left bank of the

on the opposite side of the mouth of the Sepatini River. (Unattested) *Pamana - once spoken on the

and

Mucuim River The Mucuim River ( pt, Rio Mucuim) is a river in Brazil, a tributary of the Purus River. Course The Mucuim river flows through the Mapinguari National Park, a conservation unit created in 2008. To the north of the national park it is crossed by ...

near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested) *Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the

north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested) *Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the

on the opposite side of the mouth of the

Mamoriá River Mamoriá River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 ...

and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the Tapauá River, the same region. (Unattested) *Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the Yuberi tribe on the Tapaua River. (Unattested) * Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the

, along the Marari River and on the upper course of the Tapauá River; second, on the Eiru River and Gregório River and on the left bank of the

Muru River Muru River is a river of Acre state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Acre List of rivers in Acre (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name and o ...

, territory of Acre, Brazil. *Madiha - spoken on the Eiru River near Bom Jardim, Amazonas. *Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the

Iaco River Iaco River is a river of Acre and Amazonas states in western Brazil. See also * List of rivers of Acre *List of rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state) List of rivers in Amazonas ( Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with ...

, Acre. (Unattested)

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. :

Proto-language

Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by

Dixon Dixon may refer to: Places International * Dixon Entrance, part of the Inside Passage between Alaska and British Columbia Canada * Dixon, Ontario United States * Dixon, California * Dixon, Illinois * Dixon, Greene County, Indiana * Dixon, Indi ...

(2004):Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 46: 1-83.

Flora

Fauna

Mammals

Birds

Fish

Other animals

Bibliography

* Buller, Barbara; Buller, Ernest; & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''59'' (1), 280-293. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Dixon, R. M. W. (2001). Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara. ''Diachronica'', ''18'', 3-30. * Dixon, R. M. W. (2004a). ''The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . * Dixon, R. M. W. (2004b). Proto-Arawá phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''46'', 1–83. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. ;Lexicons *Chapman, Sh.; Salzer, M. (1998). Dicionário bilíngue nas línguas paumarí e portuguesa. Porto Velho: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística. *Koop, G.; Koop, L. (1985). Dicionário Dení Português (com introdução gramatical). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics. *Ssila, A. O.; Monserrat, R. M. F. (1984). Dicionário kulina-português e português-kulina (dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário. *Suzuki, M. (2002). Dicionário suruwahá-português and vocabulário português- suruwahá. Hawaii: University of the Nations. *Vogel, A. R. (2005). Dicionário Jarawara - Português. Cuiabá: SIL.

References

External links

Sub-tronco Arawán
{{authority control Language families Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Languages of Brazil Languages of Peru Macro-Arawakan languages