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Ancient Indian Philosophers
Indian philosophy, the systems of thought and reflection that were developed by the civilizations of the Indian subcontinent. They include both orthodox ('' astika'') systems, namely, the Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva-Mimamsa (or Mimamsa), and Vedanta ( Advaita, Dwaita, Bhedbheda, Vishistadvaita), and unorthodox (''nastika'') systems, such as Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivika, Ajnana, Charvaka etc. as well as other schools such as Raseswera, Paninya, Pratyabhijna, Pasupata Shaivism, Shaivism etc. Indian thought has been concerned with various philosophical problems, significant among which are the nature of the world (cosmology), the nature of reality (metaphysics), logic, the nature of knowledge (epistemology), ethics, and the philosophy of religion etc. Some of the most famous and influential philosophers of all time were from the Indian Subcontinent such as Buddha, Nagarjuna, Adi Sankara, etc. This list is until 14th century CE. See also * Indian philosophy * H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ä€stika And NÄstika
Ä€stika (Sanskrit: आसà¥à¤¤à¤¿à¤•; ‘st̪ɪkᵊ IAST: ''Ä€stika'') and NÄstika (Sanskrit: नासà¥à¤¤à¤¿à¤•; ̪ɑst̪ɪkᵊ IAST: ''NÄstika)'' are mutually exclusive terms that modern scholars use to classify the schools of Indian philosophy as well as some Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts. The various definitions for ''Ästika'' and ''nÄstika'' philosophies have been disputed since ancient times, and there is no consensus.Nicholson, Andrew J. 2013. ''Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History''. Columbia University Press. . ch. 9.Doniger, Wendy. 2014. ''On Hinduism''. Oxford University Press. . p. 46. One standard distinction, as within ancient- and medieval-era Sanskrit philosophical literature, is that ''Ästika'' schools accept the Vedas, the ancient texts of India, as fundamentally authoritative, while the ''nÄstika'' schools do not. However, a separate way of distinguishing the two terms has evolved in current Indian language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PÄṇini
(; , ) was a Sanskrit grammarian, logician, philologist, and revered scholar in ancient India during the mid-1st millennium BCE, dated variously by most scholars between the 6th–5th and 4th century BCE. The historical facts of his life are unknown, except only what can be inferred from his works, and legends recorded long after. His most notable work, the ''Aá¹£á¹ÄdhyÄyÄ«,'' is conventionally taken to mark the start of Classical Sanskrit. His work formally codified Classical Sanskrit as a refined and standardized language, making use of a technical metalanguage consisting of a syntax, morphology, and lexicon, organised according to a series of meta-rules. Since the exposure of European scholars to his ''Aá¹£á¹ÄdhyÄyÄ«'' in the nineteenth century, PÄṇini has been considered the "first Descriptive linguistics, descriptive linguist",#FPencyclo, François & Ponsonnet (2013: 184). and even labelled as "the father of linguistics". His approach to grammar influenced such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lopamudra
Lopamudra, also known as Kaveri, Kaushitaki and Varaprada, was a philosopher according to ancient Vedic Indian literature. She was the wife of the sage Agastya who is believed to have lived in the Rigveda period (1950 BC-1100 BC) as many hymns have been attributed as her contribution to this Veda. She was not only the consort of Agastya but a Rishiki in her own right, as she was the well known Rishiki who visualized the "Hadi Panchadasi" mantra of the Srikul Shakta tradition of Hinduism. She was one of the prominent Brahmavadinis. There are three versions of Lopamudra's legend; one is in the Rigveda Hymns; the second is in the epic Mahabharata (Vanaparva: Tirtha-yatra Parva), where there is an elaborate version with a mention that Agastya Rishi did penance at ''Gangadwara'' (Haridwar), with the help of his wife, Lopamudra (the princess of Vidarbha). According to this legend, Lopamudra was created by sage Agastya with the most graceful parts of animals such as eyes of the deer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bá¹›haspati
Brihaspati (, ), is a Hindu god. In the ancient Vedic scriptures, Brihaspati is associated with fire, and the word also refers to a god who counsels the devas and devis (gods and goddesses). In some later texts, the word refers to the largest planet of the Solar System, Jupiter, and the deity is associated with the planet as a Navagraha. Sage Brihaspati appears in the Rigveda (pre-1000 BCE), such as in the dedications to him in the hymn 50 of Book 4; he is described as a sage born from the first great light, the one who drove away darkness, is bright and pure, and carries a special bow whose string is '' Rta'' or "cosmic order" (basis of dharma). His knowledge and character is revered, and he is considered Guru (teacher) by all the Devas. In the Vedic literature and other ancient texts, sage Brihaspati is also called by other names such as Bramanaspati, Purohita, Angirasa (son of Angiras) and Vyasa; he is sometimes identified with god Agni (fire). His wife is Tara (or g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rigveda
The ''Rigveda'' or ''Rig Veda'' (, , from wikt:ऋचà¥, ऋचà¥, "praise" and wikt:वेद, वेद, "knowledge") is an ancient Indian Miscellany, collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns (''sÅ«ktas''). It is one of the four sacred canonical Hindu texts (''Å›ruti'') known as the Vedas. Only one Shakha of the many survive today, namely the Shakala Shakha, Åšakalya Shakha. Much of the contents contained in the remaining Shakhas are now lost or are not available in the public forum. The ''Rigveda'' is the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text. Its early layers are among the oldest extant texts in any Indo-European language. Most scholars believe that the sounds and texts of the ''Rigveda'' have been orally transmitted with precision since the 2nd millennium BCE, through Indian mathematics#Styles of memorisation, methods of memorisation of exceptional complexity, rigour and fidelity, though the dates are not confirmed and remain contentious till concrete evidence surfaces. Philolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rishi Asita
Rishi Asita (Sanskrit: ऋषि असित) simply called as ''Asita'' (Romanised: ''Ä€sita'') was a Vedic sage and a pravara in the Shandilya Gotra. Description In the Matsya Purana, Asita is mentioned as one of the pravaras of the Shandilya gotra. According to ''SaurapurÄṇa'', Asita was born as a result of the penance of a sage named Kashyapa. Devala then was born to Asita and his wife ''EkaparṇÄ''. The Brahmavaivarta PurÄṇa mentions that Asita was given his son by Shiva. Devala's own son, Shandilya, was born similarly. In the Bhagavad Gita verse 10.12-13, Arjuna described Asita as one of the four great sages Narada, Asita, Devala, and Vyasa. He is mentioned as a seer sage of some mantras in the Rigaveda. In the Mahabharata, Asita was present in the '' Rajasuya Yajna'' organized by the King Yudhishthira. He was joined by sages such as Bharadvaja, Vishvamitra, Gautama, Parashurama, and Vashishtha, who together chanted the hymns of Samaveda. In the ninth chapte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avatsara
Avatsara () is a rishi (sage) featured in the Rigveda. His name first appears in Sukta 44 of the Fifth Mandala. Work Avatsara is the primary author of Sukta 44 of the Fifth Mandala of the Rigveda, whose hymn addressed to the class of Rigvedic deities called the Visvedevas. He is known for the set of eight hymns of four mantras each that appear in the Rigveda viz. Suktas IX.53 to IX.60, and also in the Samaveda (SV.757, SV.1717). He is stated to be the chief priest of the gods. He is described to offer Agni the six-syllable oblation – ''O Agni, enjoy the oblation'', and was set-free. According to Satyasadha (21.3.13), the Kashyapa '' pravara'' (lineage) consists of three rishi–ancestors: – Kashyapa, Avatsara, and Naidhruva. The lineage also belongs to two of the Sandilya variations. There are eight notable sages belonging to the Kashyapa family – ''Kashyapa'', ''Avatsara'', ''Nidhruva'', ''Rebha'', ''Devala'', ''Asita'', ''Bhutamsa,'' and ''Vivrha''; two unnamed sons of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirghatamas
Dirghatamas () was an ancient Indian sage well known for his philosophical verses in the Rigveda. He was the author of Suktas (hymns) 140 to 164 in the first mandala (section) of the Rigveda. Background Dirghatamas was one of the Angirasa rishis, the oldest of the rishi families, and regarded as brother to the rishi Bharadvaja, who is the seer of the sixth Mandala of the Rigveda. Dirghatamas is also the chief predecessor of the Gotama family of rishis that includes Kakshivan, Gautama Maharishi, Nodhas and Vamadeva (seer of the fourth Mandala of the Rigveda), who along with Dirghatamas account for almost 150 of the 1000 hymns of the Rigveda. Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Pundra and Suhma, Ondra were also the sons of Dirghatamas through Bali’s wife Sudhesana. His own verses occur frequently in many Vedic texts, a few even in the Upanishads. He was the reputed purohita or chief priest of King Bharata (Aitareya Brahmana VIII.23), one of the earliest kings of the land, after whom Indi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vintage Books
Vintage Books is a trade paperback publishing imprint of Penguin Random House originally established by Alfred A. Knopf in 1954. The company was acquired by Random House in April 1960, and a British division was set up in 1990. After Random House merged with Bantam Doubleday Dell, Doubleday's Anchor Books trade paperback line was added to the same division as Vintage. Following Random House's merger with Penguin, Vintage UK was transferred to Penguin UK. In addition to publishing classic and contemporary works in paperback under the Vintage brand, the imprint also oversees the sub-imprints Bodley Head, Jonathan Cape, Chatto and Windus, Harvill Secker, Hogarth Press, Square Peg, and Yellow Jersey. Vintage began publishing some titles in the mass-market paperback format in 2003. Notable authors * Albert Camus * Robert Caro * Joan Didion * Dave Eggers * Ralph Ellison * James Ellroy * William Faulkner * Dashiell Hammett * Jane Jacobs * Gabriel Garcia Marquez * Corma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adi Shankara
Adi Shankara (8th c. CE), also called Adi Shankaracharya (, ), was an Indian Vedanga, Vedic scholar, Hindu philosophy, philosopher and teacher (''acharya'') of Advaita Vedanta. Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scant, and his true impact lies in his "iconic representation of Hinduism, Hindu religion and Hindu culture, culture," despite the fact that most Hindus do not adhere to Advaita Vedanta. Tradition also portrays him as the one who reconciled the various Hindu denominations, sects (Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism) with the introduction of the form of Puja (Hinduism), worship, the simultaneous worship of five deities – Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva and Devi, arguing that all deities were but different forms of the one Brahman, the invisible Supreme Being.Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York Press, , p. 40 While he is often revered as the most important Indian philosophy, Indian philosoph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nagarjuna
NÄgÄrjuna (Sanskrit: नागारà¥à¤œà¥à¤¨, ''NÄgÄrjuna''; ) was an Indian monk and Mahayana, MahÄyÄna Buddhist Philosophy, philosopher of the Madhyamaka (Centrism, Middle Way) school. He is widely considered one of the most important Buddhist philosophers.Garfield, Jay L. (1995), ''The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way'', Oxford: Oxford University Press. NÄgÄrjuna is widely considered to be the founder of the Madhyamaka school of Buddhist philosophy and a defender of the MahÄyÄna movement. His ''MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ'' (''Root Verses on Madhyamaka'', MMK) is the most important text on the Madhyamaka philosophy of ŚūnyatÄ, emptiness. The MMK inspired a large number of commentaries in Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, Korean and Japanese and continues to be studied today. History Background India in the first and second centuries CE was politically divided into various states, including the Kushan Empire and the Satavahana dynasty, Satavahana Kingdom. At ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gautama Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),* * * was a Å›ramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but Great Renunciation, renounced his Householder (Buddhism), home life to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of mendicancy, asceticism, and meditation, he attained Nirvana (Buddhism), nirvana at Bodh Gaya, Bodh GayÄ in what is now India. The Buddha then wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a Sangha, monastic order. Buddhist tradition holds he died in Kushinagar and reached ''parinirvana'' ("final release from conditioned existence"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to Vimutti, freedom from AvidyÄ (Buddhism), ignora ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
