African Urban Youth Languages
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African Urban Youth Languages
African Urban Youth Languages is an umbrella term for languages formed and spoken in the urban areas of Africa that have resulted from language contact in their populations that has been caused by migration into cities in the latter part of the 20th century. It encompasses languages such as Camfranglais, Indoubil, Lingla ya Bayankee, Nouchi, Sheng, and Engsh. There is some degree of linguistic prejudice against calling these languages, but they are not pidgins nor creole languages. They have been variously named "urban vernaculars" or "urban youth languages" in linguistic literature, although the name African Urban Youth Language, coined for a linguistics conference in Cape Town in 2013, has come to be the accepted name, not least because of the simplicity of its acronym AUYL. Broad terminology The ''language'' classification here encompasses slangs and argots. In general, the label is applied by linguists based upon the language speakers' evident intents to create a linguistic ...
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Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area.Sayre, April Pulley (1999), ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. . With nearly billion people as of , it accounts for about of the world's human population. Demographics of Africa, Africa's population is the youngest among all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Based on 2024 projections, Africa's population will exceed 3.8 billion people by 2100. Africa is the least wealthy inhabited continent per capita and second-least wealthy by total wealth, ahead of Oceania. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including Geography of Africa, geography, Climate of Africa, climate, corruption, Scramble for Africa, colonialism, the Cold War, and neocolonialism. Despite this lo ...
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Endonym
An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language. An exonym (also known as xenonym ) is an established, ''non-native'' name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words, or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system. For instance, is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms ''Germany'' and in English and Italian, respectively, and in Spanish and French, respectively, in Polish, and and in Finni ...
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Dummy Affix
Dummy may refer to: Dolls * Mannequin, a model of the human body * Dummy (ventriloquism) * Crash test dummy People * Dummy (nickname), several people with the nickname * Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham (c. 1788–1863), one of the last people to be accused of being a witch in England Arts and entertainment Characters * Dummy (Marvel Comics), from the comic book ''X-Men'' * Dummy (DC Comics) Films * ''Dummy'' (1979 film), a TV movie starring LeVar Burton and Paul Sorvino * ''Dummy'' (2002 film), a comedy/drama * ''Dummy'', a 2009 coming-of-age drama starring Emma Catherwood * ''Dummy'', a short film by Kira Muratova * ''The Dummy'' (1917 film), an American silent drama * ''The Dummy'' (1929 film), an American comedy Music * Dummy (band), a band from Los Angeles * ''Dummy'' (album), 1994, by Portishead * "Dummy", a song by 6ix9ine from the album ''Dummy Boy'' * "Dummy!", a track from the soundtrack of the 2015 video game ''Undertale by Toby Fox'' * "Dummy", a song by Po ...
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Code Switching
In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation. These alternations are generally intended to influence the relationship between the speakers, for example, suggesting that they may share identities based on similar linguistic histories. Code-switching is different from plurilingualism in that plurilingualism refers to the ability of an individual to use multiple languages, while code-switching is the act of using multiple languages together. Multilinguals (speakers of more than one language) sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the use of more than one linguistic variety in a manner consistent with the syntax and phonology of each variety. Code-switching may happen between sentences, sentence fragments, words, or individual morphemes (in synthetic languages). Howev ...
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Metathesis (linguistics)
Metathesis ( ; from Greek , from "to put in a different order"; Latin: ''transpositio'') is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence. Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or more contiguous segments or syllables, known as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis: * ''anemone'' > ''**anenome'' (onset consonants of adjacent syllables) * ''cavalry'' > ''**calvary'' (codas of adjacent syllables) Metathesis may also involve interchanging non-contiguous sounds, known as nonadjacent metathesis, long-distance metathesis, or hyperthesis, as shown in these examples of metathesis sound change from Latin to Spanish: * Latin > Spanish "word" * Latin > Spanish "miracle" * Latin > Spanish "danger, peril" * Latin > Spanish "crocodile" Many languages have words that show this phenomenon, and some even use it as a regular part of their grammar, such as Hebrew and Fur. The process of metathesis has altered the shape of many familiar ...
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Taal
Taal may refer to: *An early name for the Afrikaans language *The South African creole language Tsotsitaal Geography *Taal, Batangas, a municipality in the Philippines *Taal Lake, a freshwater lake in the Philippines *Taal Volcano, an active volcano in the Philippines Arts and fiction *Taal (instrument), Indian hand clash cymbals *Tala (music) or taal, the term used in Indian classical music to refer to musical meter * ''Taal'' (film), 1999 Indian Hindi film by Subhash Ghai *Taal, God of Beasts in the universe of ''Warhammer Fantasy'' See also *Ta'al (Arab Movement for Renewal), an Arab-Israeli political party founded by Ahmad Tibi *Ta'al is also an abbreviation for tat aluf, Israeli military rank *Talen (other) Talen may also refer to: * Talen (name) includes list of people with the name Talen * Talen, Rajgarh, village in Madhya Pradesh, India * Transcription activator-like effector nuclease Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) ...
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Cowboy
A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century arose from the ''vaquero'' traditions of northern Mexico and became a figure of special significance and legend.Malone, J., p. 1. A subtype, called a Wrangler (profession), wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle. In addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos. Cowgirls, first defined as such in the late 19th century, had a less-well documented historical role, but in the modern world work at identical tasks and have obtained considerable respect for their achievements. Cattle handlers in many other parts of the world, particularly South America and Australia, perform work similar to the cowboy. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European Settlement of the Americas, settlers of th ...
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Yankee
The term ''Yankee'' and its contracted form ''Yank'' have several interrelated meanings, all referring to people from the United States. Their various meanings depend on the context, and may refer to New Englanders, the Northeastern United States, the Northern United States, or to people from the US in general. Many of the earlier immigrants to the northeast from Ireland, Italy, Poland, and other regions of Europe, used ''Yankees'' to refer to New England English settlers. Outside the United States, ''Yank'' is used informally to refer to a person or thing from the US. It has been especially popular in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand where it may be used variously, either with an uncomplimentary overtone, endearingly, or cordially. In the Southern United States, ''Yankee'' is a derisive term which refers to all Northerners, and during the American Civil War it was applied by Confederates to soldiers of the Union army in general. Elsewher ...
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Anglais
Anglais or anglaise (French, 'English') may refer to: * Les Anglais, Haiti, a commune * a term for the English country dance * ''Les Anglais'', a 1989 book by Philippe Daudy * Charlotte Anglais, a character in the manga ''One Piece'' See also * * Cor anglais, a woodwind instrument * Crème anglaise, a custard sauce * French words for: ** English language ** English people The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language in England, English language, a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language, and share a common ancestry, history, and culture. The Engl ...
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Français
French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. French evolved from Northern Old Gallo-Romance, a descendant of the Latin spoken in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien) largely supplanted. It was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were established. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is an official language in 26 countries, as well as one of the most ...
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