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1722 In Science
The year 1722 in science and technology involved some significant events. Chemistry * René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur publishes his work on metallurgy, ''L'Art de convertir le fer forge en acier'', which describes how to convert iron into steel. Exploration * April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Jacob Roggeveen lands on Easter Island. Mathematics * Abraham de Moivre states de Moivre's formula, connecting complex numbers and trigonometry. Meteorology * A continuous series of weather records is begun in Uppsala by Anders Celsius; it will be maintained for at least 300 years. Physics * Willem 's Gravesande publishes experimental evidence that the formula for kinetic energy of a body in motion is E_k \propto \begin \end mv^2. Technology * October – In clockmaking, George Graham demonstrates that his experiments, begun in December 1721, with mercurial compensation of the pendulum result in greater accuracy in timekeeping under conditions of variable temperature. Births * May 11 †... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinetic Energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion. In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass ''m'' traveling at a speed ''v'' is \fracmv^2.Resnick, Robert and Halliday, David (1960) ''Physics'', Section 7-5, Wiley International Edition The kinetic energy of an object is equal to the work, or force ( F) in the direction of motion times its displacement ( s), needed to accelerate the object from rest to its given speed. The same amount of work is done by the object when decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest. The SI unit of energy is the joule, while the English unit of energy is the foot-pound. In relativistic mechanics, \fracmv^2 is a good approximation of kinetic energy only when ''v'' is much less than the speed of light. History and etymology The adjective ''kinetic'' has its roots in the Greek word κίνησις ''kinesis'', meaning "motion". The dichoto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sébastien Vaillant
Sébastien Vaillant (; May 26, 1669 – May 20, 1722) was a French botanist who was born at Vigny, Val-d'Oise, Vigny in present-day Val d'Oise. Early years Vaillant went to school at the age of four and by the age of five, he was collecting plants and transplanting them into his father's garden. At the age of six, he was sent to a boarding school at Pontoise. He suffered with a fever for four months which he claims to have cured using lettuce seasoned with vinegar. He was sent to study with the organist of the Pontoise Cathedral. When the organist died, Vaillant succeeded him at the age of eleven. Vaillant studied medicine and surgery at the hospital in Pontoise (medicine then included studies in botany). He left Pontoise for Évreux at the age of nineteen. He was at the Battle of Fleurus (1690), battle of Fleurus in 1690 as a surgeon. While still a surgeon in 1691 in science, 1691, he was in Paris when he took as his master of botany Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Barker (meteorologist)
Thomas Barker (1722 – 29 December 1809) was a Rutland squire who kept a detailed weather record at Lyndon Hall from 1736 to 1798. Life and work Thomas Barker was born at Lyndon Hall, Lyndon, Rutland, England in 1722. The son of Samuel Barker and grandson of William Whiston, he came from a distinguished local family, which had lived in Lyndon from the time of Henry VIII. He married Anne White, sister of Gilbert White the famous naturalist. The couple had five children, a son and four daughters. Thomas Barker was a vegetarian, having discovered in early childhood that his constitution was unsuited to the consumption of meat. Barker's meteorological records have proved a valuable resource for those researching the 18th century British climate, because of its early date for instrumental observations, its length and the meticulousness with which it was compiled. He recorded barometric pressure, temperature, clouds, wind and rainfall. (In the early years his thermometer was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eliza Lucas
Elizabeth "Eliza" Pinckney ( Lucas; December 28, 1722 May 27, 1793) was an American farmer. Pinckney transformed agriculture in colonial South Carolina, where she developed indigo as one of its most important cash crops. Its cultivation and processing as dye produced one-third the total value of the colony's exports before the Revolutionary War. The manager of three plantations, Pinckney had a major influence on the colonial economy. Together with her husband Charles Pinckney, Eliza raised a daughter and two sons, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Thomas Pinckney, who became prominent politicians in South Carolina and were nominated for president and vice president of the United States by the Federalist Party. Early life and education Elizabeth (known as Eliza) Lucas was born on December 28, 1722, on the island of Antigua, in the colony of the British Leeward Islands in the Caribbean. Lucas grew up on Poorest, one of her family's three sugarcane plantations on the island. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
December 28
Events Pre-1600 * 418 – A papal election begins, resulting in the election of Pope Boniface I. * 457 – Majorian is acclaimed as Western Roman emperor. * 484 – Alaric II succeeds his father Euric and becomes king of the Visigoths. He establishes his capital at Aire-sur-l'Adour (Southern Gaul). * 893 – An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin, Armenia. *1065 – Edward the Confessor's Romanesque monastic church at Westminster Abbey is consecrated. * 1308 – The reign of Emperor Hanazono of Japan begins. 1601–1900 *1659 – The Marathas defeat the Adilshahi forces in the Battle of Kolhapur. * 1768 – King Taksin's coronation achieved through conquest as a king of Thailand and established Thonburi as a capital. *1795 – Construction of Yonge Street, formerly recognized as the longest street in the world, begins in York, Upper Canada (present-day Toronto). * 1832 – John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1809 In Science
The year 1809 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * Carl Friedrich Gauss publishes in Hamburg, introducing the Gaussian gravitational constant and containing an influential treatment of the least squares method. * S. D. Poisson publishes and in the ''Journal'' of the École Polytechnique, extending Lagrange's theory of planetary orbits. Biology * Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes '' Philosophie Zoologique'', outlining his theory of evolution. * Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link first describes ''Penicillium''. Geology * William Maclure publishes the first geological map of the United States with accompanying memoir. Mathematics * Louis Poinsot describes the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra. Medicine * December 25 – American physician Ephraim McDowell performs the world's first ovariotomy, the removal of an ovarian tumor. * Philippe Pinel publishes accounts of what would later be regarded as schizophrenia. Technology * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leopold Auenbrugger
Josef Leopold Auenbrugger or Avenbrugger (19 November 1722 – 17 May 1809), also known as Leopold von Auenbrugger, was an Austrian physician who invented percussion as a diagnostic technique. On the strength of this discovery, he is considered one of the founders of modern medicine. Biography Auenbrugger was a native of Graz in Styria, an Austrian province. His father, owner of the inn ''Zum Schwarzen Mohren'', gave his son every opportunity for an excellent preliminary education in his native town and then sent him to Vienna to complete his studies at the university. Auenbrugger was graduated as a physician at the age of 22 and then entered the Spanish Military Hospital of Vienna, where he spent 10 years. He found out that, by applying his ear to the patient and tapping lightly on the chest, one could assess the density of underlying tissues and organs. This technique of percussive diagnosis had its origins in testing the level of wine casks in the cellar of his father's hot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1789 In Science
The year 1789 in science and technology involved some significant events. Anatomy * Antonio Scarpa publishes ''Anatomicæ disquisitiones de auditu et olfactu'', a classic treatise on the hearing and olfactory organs. Astronomy * August 28 and September 17 – William Herschel discovers Saturn's moons Enceladus and Mimas, which he describes to the Royal Society of London on November 12. * Maximilian Hell establishes the constellations '' Tubus Hershelli Major'' and ''Minor'' in honour of Herschel's discovery of Uranus (constellations obsolete by 1930). Botany * Erasmus Darwin publishes his poem '' The Loves of the Plants'', a popular rendering of Linnaeus' works. * Antoine Laurent de Jussieu publishes Genera Plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV', providing a basis for the system of natural classification of flowering plants largely still in use. Chemistry * Antoine Lavoisier's '' Traité élémenta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species). The science began in the classical era, continuing in the early modern period with work by Pierre Belon who noted the similarities of the skeletons of birds and humans. Comparative anatomy has provided evidence of common descent, and has assisted in the classification of animals. History The first specifically anatomical investigation separate from a surgical or medical procedure is associated by Alcmaeon of Croton. Leonardo da Vinci made notes for a planned anatomical treatise in which he intended to compare the hands of various animals including bears. Pierre Belon, a French naturalist born in 1517, conducted research and held discussions on dolphin embryos as well as the comparisons between the skeletons of birds to the skeletons of humans. His research led to modern comparative a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petrus Camper
Petrus Camper FRS (11 May 1722 – 7 April 1789), was a Dutch physician, anatomist, physiologist, midwife, zoologist, anthropologist, palaeontologist and a naturalist in the Age of Enlightenment. He was one of the first to take an interest in comparative anatomy, palaeontology, and the facial angle. He was among the first to mark out an "anthropology," which he distinguished from natural history. He studied the orangutan, the Javan rhinoceros, and the skull of a mosasaur, which he believed was a whale. Camper was a celebrity in Europe and became a member of the Royal Society (1750), the Göttingen (1779), and Russian Academy of Sciences (1778), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783), the French (1786) and the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1788). He designed and constructed tools for his patients, and for surgeries. He was an amateur drawer, a sculptor, a patron of art and a conservative, royalist politician. Camper published some lectures containing an account of his cranio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pendulum
A pendulum is a device made of a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force acting on the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. The period depends on the length of the pendulum and also to a slight degree on the amplitude, the width of the pendulum's swing. Pendulums were widely used in early mechanical clocks for timekeeping. The regular motion of pendulums was used for timekeeping and was the world's most accurate timekeeping technology until the 1930s. The pendulum clock invented by Christiaan Huygens in 1656 became the world's standard timekeeper, used in homes and offices for 270 years, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
