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1539 Deaths
__NOTOC__ Year 1539 (Roman numerals, MDXXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March * January 4 – Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo is elected two a two year term as Doge of Genoa, Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Doria. * January 12 – Treaty of Toledo (1539), Treaty of Toledo: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles I of Spain) and Francis I of France agree to make no further alliances with Kingdom of England, England. The treaty comes after Henry VIII of England's English Reformation, split with Rome and Pope Paul III. * January – Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1535–1541), Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War – Battle of Naungyo, Burma: The Toungoos decisively defeat the Hanthawaddys. * February 9 – The first horse race is held at Chester Racecourse, the oldest in use in Kingdom of England, England. * March 1 – King Henry VIII of England summons Parliament to m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III (; ; born Alessandro Farnese; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549. He came to the papal throne in an era following the Sack of Rome (1527), sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church as the Protestant Reformation progressed. His pontificate initiated the Catholic Reformation with the Council of Trent in 1545, and witnessed European wars of religion, wars of religion in which Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V launched military campaigns against the Protestants in Germany. He recognized new Catholic religious orders and societies such as the Jesuits, the Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory. His efforts were distracted by Nepotism#Origins, nepotism to advance the power and fortunes of his family, including his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma, Pier Luigi Farnese. Paul III was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
March 30
Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Avar–Byzantine wars: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic army is decimated by the plague. * 1282 – The people of Sicily rebel against the Angevin king Charles I, in what becomes known as the Sicilian Vespers. * 1296 – Edward I sacks Berwick-upon-Tweed, during armed conflict between Scotland and England. 1601–1900 * 1699 – Guru Gobind Singh establishes the Khalsa in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab. * 1815 – Joachim Murat issues the Rimini Proclamation, among the earliest calls for Italian unification. *1818 – Physicist Augustin Fresnel reads a memoir on optical rotation to the French Academy of Sciences, reporting that when polarized light is "depolarized" by a Fresnel rhomb, its properties are preserved in any subsequent passage through an optically-rotating crystal or liquid. * 1822 – The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Askia Ishaq I
Askia Ishaq I, also known as Ishaq Ber (Ishaq the Great), was the ruler of the Songhai Empire from 1539 to 1549, elected Askia following the death of Askia Isma'il. He was the fifth ruler of the Askiya dynasty. Rise to Power Ishaq was born the son of Askia Mohammad I and a Tuareg concubine from Dirma Kulthūm Barda. When Askia Isma'il died on campaign, the leading men in the empire peacefully agreed that Ishaq would be the next ruler. Reign Askia Ishaq was a ruthless and paranoid ruler, inspiring fear and anxiety among the Songhai people. Despite being a devout Muslim, he sent agents to Timbuktu on a regular basis to demand enormous sums of money from the merchants, which is against Islamic law. This damaged the economy of the empire and made him unpopular, thus gaining him many enemies. Askiya Ishaq I was completely ruthless as a ruler and executed any official whom he considered as a threat. The '' Tarikh al-Sudan'' gives this description: "If he imagined anyone was maki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Africa
West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territories, United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R. Masson, Catherine Anne Pattillo, "Monetary union in West Africa (ECOWAS): is it desirable and how could it be achieved?" (Introduction). International Monetary Fund, 2001. The population of West Africa is estimated at around million people as of , and at 381,981,000 as of 2017, of which 189,672,000 were female and 192,309,000 male.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, custom data acquired via webs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire was a state located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries. At its peak, it was one of the largest African empires in history. The state is known by its historiographical name, derived from its largest ethnic group and ruling elite, the Songhai people. Sonni Ali established Gao as the empire's capital, although a Songhai state had existed in and around Gao since the 11th century. Other important cities in the kingdom were Timbuktu and Djenné, where urban-centred trade flourished; they were conquered in 1468 and 1475, respectively. Initially, the Songhai Empire was ruled by the Sonni dynasty (–1493), but it was later replaced by the Askia dynasty (1493–1591). During the second half of the 13th century, Gao and the surrounding region had grown into an important trading center and attracted the interest of the expanding Mali Empire. Mali conquered Gao near the end of the 13th century. Gao remained under Malian command until the la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Askia Isma'il
Askia Ismail was the sixth ruler of the Songhai Empire from 1537 – 1539, and fourth from the Askia dynasty. He was the son of Askia Mohammad I, the founder of the Askia dynasty, and Maryam Daabu, a member of the Malian royal family captured in 1501. Dynastic Struggles Ismail, a younger son, joined an abortive rebellion against his brother Musa, and was sheltered by the ''Maghsharen-koi'', the leader of the Tuareg community of Timbuktu, in the aftermath. He was recalled to court by Askia Mohammed Benkan, given the king's sister as a wife, and made to swear a public loyalty oath. Despite this, he plotted with his father, imprisoned on an island in the Niger river, to regain power. The conspiracy came to fruition in April 1537 when Benkan was encamped at a village called Mansur, site of the murder of his own predecessor Musa. Benkan’s captains turned against him and he was deposed by the Dendi-fari, who then proclaimed Ismail as Askia. Reign Ismail's reign began inausp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
March 2
Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut off. * 986 – Louis V becomes the last Carolingian king of West Francia after the death of his father, Lothaire. * 1331 – Fall of Nicaea to the Ottoman Turks after a siege. * 1444 – Skanderbeg organizes a group of Albanian nobles to form the League of Lezhë. * 1458 – George of Poděbrady is chosen as the king of Bohemia. * 1476 – Burgundian Wars: The Old Swiss Confederacy hands Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, a major defeat in the Battle of Grandson in Canton of Neuchâtel. * 1484 – The College of Arms is formally incorporated by Royal Charter signed by King Richard III of England. * 1498 – Vasco da Gama's fleet visits the Island of Mozambique. 1601–1900 * 1657 – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
March 1
Events Pre-1600 * 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the ''Quattuor Principes Mundi'' ("Four Rulers of the World"). * 350 – Vetranio proclaims himself Caesar after being encouraged to do so by Constantina, sister of Constantius II. * 834 – Emperor Louis the Pious is restored as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. * 1476 – Forces of the Catholic Monarchs engage the combined Portuguese-Castilian armies of Afonso V and Prince John at the Battle of Toro. * 1562 – Sixty-three Huguenots are massacred in Wassy, France, marking the start of the French Wars of Religion. 1601–1900 * 1628 – Writs issued in February by Charles I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chester Racecourse
Chester Racecourse, also known as the Roodee, is a racecourse located in Chester, England. The horse racing venue is officially recognised by Guinness World Records as the "oldest racecourse still in operation". Horse racing in Chester dates back to the early sixteenth century, with 1539 cited as the year racing began, although some sources give a date of 1512 for the first races in Chester. It is also thought to be the smallest racecourse of significance in England at 1 mile and 1 furlong (1.8 km) long. History The racecourse lies on the banks of the River Dee, Wales, River Dee. The site was once a harbour during the Ancient Rome, Roman settlement of the city during the Early Middle Ages, sometimes referred to as the Dark Ages, but was closed as the river silted up thus making navigation impossible. Towards the centre of the in field is a raised mound which is decorated by a small cross known as a "rood". It is from this that the race course derives the name "Roodee"; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
February 9
Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Greater Poland, Poland. *1098 – A First Crusade army led by Bohemond of Taranto wins a Battle of the Lake of Antioch, major battle against the Seljuk Empire, Seljuq emir Ridwan of Aleppo during the siege of Antioch *1539 – The first recorded race is held on Chester Racecourse, known as the Roodee. *1555 – Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper (bishop), John Hooper is burned at the stake. 1601–1900 *1621 – Pope Gregory XV, Gregory XV becomes Pope, the last Pope Papal election, elected by acclamation (papal elections), acclamation. *1654 – The Capture of Fort Rocher takes place during the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660), Anglo-Spanish War. *1775 – American Revolutionary War: The Parliament of Gre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burma
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon). Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
