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1323
Year 1323 ( MCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events January – March * January 3 – Englishman Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, who had recently defeated rebel Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge, commits treason by signing a peace treaty with Scotland's King Robert the Bruce.Geoffrey Barrow, ''Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland'' (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965) pp. 351-353Sir Herbert Maxwell, ''The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346: Translated with Notes'' (J. Maclehose and Sons, 1913) pp. 250-252 * January 14 – On behalf of the Fraticelli order of Spiritual Franciscans, Italian lawyer Bonagrazia of Bergamo issues a protest to Pope John XXII of the December 8 papal bull ''Ad conditorem canonum''."Bonagratia of Bergamo", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (Robert Appleton Company, 1907) Pope John revises the text of the bull and reissues it, but also punishes Bonagrazia for h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl Of Carlisle
Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle (c. 1270 – 3 March 1323), alternatively Andreas de Harcla, was an important English military leader in the borderlands with Scotland during the reign of Edward II. Coming from a knightly family in Westmorland, he was appointed sheriff of Cumberland in 1311. He distinguished himself in the Scottish Wars, and in 1315 repulsed a siege on Carlisle Castle by Robert the Bruce. Shortly after this, he was taken captive by the Scots, and only released after a substantial ransom had been paid. His greatest achievement came in 1322, when he defeated the rebellious baron Thomas of Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge on 16–17 March. For this he was created Earl of Carlisle. As one of the main military leaders on the border to Scotland, Harclay became frustrated with Edward II's inactivity, particularly the humiliating English defeat at the Battle of Old Byland on 14 October 1322, which made it clear that the war could not be won. Harclay ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Letters Of Gediminas
There are 6 surviving transcripts of letters of Gediminas written in 1323–1324 by Grand Duke Gediminas. These letters are one of the first surviving documents from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Since they were sent to Western Europe, the Pope, merchants, and craftspeople, they were written in Latin. The first letter was written to Pope John XXII. Gediminas claimed that the Teutonic Knights did not act in the interest of the Catholic faith. Instead, they brutally devastated the land. The people were forced into resistance. Gediminas enumerated many crimes and damages done by the knights; for example, he claimed that his predecessor Vytenis sent a letter to the Franciscan friars asking for two brothers who could come to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to look after a local church. When the Teutonic Knights learned about the letter, they sent their army and destroyed the church. In the last sentence Gediminas vaguely promised to accept Christianity and obey the pope. The second lett ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vilnius
Vilnius ( , ) is the capital of and List of cities in Lithuania#Cities, largest city in Lithuania and the List of cities in the Baltic states by population, most-populous city in the Baltic states. The city's estimated January 2025 population was 607,667, and the Vilnius urban area (which extends beyond the city limits) has an estimated population of 747,864. Vilnius is notable for the architecture of its Vilnius Old Town, Old Town, considered one of Europe's largest and best-preserved old towns. The city was declared a World Heritage Site, UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. The architectural style known as Vilnian Baroque is named after the city, which is farthest to the east among Baroque architecture, Baroque cities and the largest such city north of the Alps. The city was noted for its #Demographics, multicultural population during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with contemporary sources comparing it to Babylon. Before World War II and The Holocaust in Lithuania, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Paris (1323)
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The Treaty of Paris was signed on March 6, 1323. It established clarity over the following: Count Louis I of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over the County of Zeeland and acknowledged the Count of Holland, William I, as the Count of Zeeland. William, in turn, agreed to renounce all claims on Flanders. Bibliography * See also *List of treaties References Paris 1323 Paris Paris (1323) 1323 in Europe 1320s in France Medieval Paris History of Zeeland 14th century in Paris 14th century in the county of Flanders 14th century in the Netherlands 1323 Year 1323 ( MCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events January – March * January 3 – Englishman Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, who had recently defeated rebel Thomas, 2nd Earl of La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlisle Castle
Carlisle Castle is a stone keep medieval fortress located in the city of Carlisle near the ruins of Hadrian's Wall. First built during the reign of William II in 1092 and rebuilt in stone under Henry I in 1122, the castle is over 930 years old and has been the scene of many episodes in British history. This Castle played an extremely important part in the wars between England and Scotland ( the Wars of Scottish Independence). It has been the centre of many wars and invasions. During the Jacobite Rising of 1745–6, Carlisle became the last English fortress to undergo a siege. The castle was listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument on 7 August 1996. Today the property is managed by English Heritage and is open to the public. Until 2006, the castle was the administrative headquarters of the former King's Own Royal Border Regiment and until 2019 it was the county headquarters to the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment. A museum to the regiment is within the castle walls. Hist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
March 6
Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 845 – The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. * 1204 – The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus. * 1323 – Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed. 1601–1900 * 1651 – The town of Kajaani, known at the time as ''Cajanaburg'', is founded by Count Per Brahe, the Governor-General of Finland. * 1788 – The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement. * 1820 – The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free. * 1836 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fraticelli
The ''Fraticelli'' (Italian language, Italian for “Little Brethren”) or Spiritual Franciscans opposed changes to the Monastic rule, rule of Saint Francis of Assisi, especially with regard to poverty, and regarded the wealth of the Catholic Church as scandalous, with the riches of individual churchmen as invalidating their status. The Fraticelli were declared heresy, heretical in 1296 by Pope Boniface VIII, Boniface VIII. The name ''Fraticelli'' is used for various sects, which appeared in the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, principally in Italy, that split from the Franciscan Order on account of the disputes concerning poverty. It is necessary to differentiate the various groups of Fraticelli, although the term may be applied to all. The main groups were the ''Fraticelli de Paupere Vita'' and the ''Fraticelli de Opinione'' (also called Michaelites). The Apostolics (also known as Pseudo-Apostles or Apostolic Brethren) are excluded from the category, because ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthony De Lucy
Anthony de Lucy (1283–10 June 1343), 1st Baron Lucy or Luci, was an English nobleman who served as warden of Carlisle Castle and Chief Justiciar of Ireland. Life Lord Lucy's coat of arms. The fish are pikes, and thus form a pun on the name: "lucy" is an old word for "pike" Lucy was the second son of Sir Thomas de Lucy (formerly de Multon) of Papcastle in Cumberland, and his wife Isabel de Bolteby. He succeeded to the family estates at the age of twenty-five on the death of his brother in 1308. In 1314 he fought at the Battle of Bannockburn; after the English defeat he managed to escape the battlefield, but was later captured and ransomed. In 1318, he was appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland and assigned to defend the city and castle of Carlisle against the incursions and attacks of the Scots. In 1321 he was summoned to Parliament under the title Baron Lucy. In 1323 he obtained a grant of the castle and honour of Cockermouth. On 25 February 1323, Luci succeeded in arr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis I, Count Of Flanders
Louis I ( – 26 August 1346, ruled 1322–1346) was Count of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel. Life He was the son of Louis I, Count of Nevers, and Joan, Countess of Rethel, and grandson of Robert III of Flanders. He succeeded his father as count of Nevers and his grandfather as count of Flanders in 1322. In July 1320 Louis married Margaret, second daughter of King Philip V of France and Joan II, Countess of Burgundy, who would later inherit her mother's counties of Burgundy and Artois in 1361. This marriage alliance made him break with the anti-French policy of his grandfather Robert III and great-grandfather Guy I. Count of Flanders Louis's pro-French policies and excessive taxations caused an uprising in 1323. Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots, the peasant insurrection escalated into a full-scale rebellion that dominated public affairs in Flanders for nearly five years until 1328. The rebels, led by Nicolaas Zannekin, captured the towns of Nieuwpoort, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnus IV Of Sweden
Magnus Eriksson (April or May 1316 – 1 December 1374) was King of Sweden from 1319 to 1364, King of Norway as Magnus VII from 1319 to 1355, and ruler of Scania from 1332 to 1360. By adversaries he has been called ''Magnus Smek'' (). Medieval Swedish kings did not use regnal numbers as part of their title. As the king of Sweden, he is sometimes referred to as Magnus II, Magnus III, or Magnus IV. He is the second longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history after the current king Carl XVI Gustaf, who surpassed Magnus in 2018. Biography Magnus was born in Norway, either in April or May 1316. His father was Duke Erik Magnusson, son of King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden. His mother was Ingeborg, daughter of King Haakon V of Norway. Magnus was elected king of Sweden on 8 July 1319 at Mora Thing to prevent the previous king Birger Magnusson, his uncle, from returning to power. Magnus was also acknowledged as the hereditary king of Norway at Haugating in Tønsberg in August ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ingeborg Of Norway
Ingeborg of Norway (; ; ; 1301 – 17 June 1361) was a Norwegian princess and by marriage a Swedish royal duchess with a position in the regency governments in Norway (1319–1327) and Sweden (1319–1326) during the minority of her son, King Magnus Eriksson. In 1318–1319, she was Sweden's '' de facto'' ruler, and from 1319 until 1326, she was Sweden's first ''de jure'' female regent. Her role in northern European history is considered of major importance. Life Early life Ingeborg was born in 1301 as the only legitimate daughter of King Håkon V of Norway from his marriage with Euphemia of Rügen. As a child, she was first betrothed to Magnus Birgersson, the son and designated heir of Birger, King of Sweden. Soon afterwards the engagement was however broken for altered political reasons, and in 1305 she was betrothed to Duke Erik, a younger brother of King Birger, thus uncle of her first betrothed. In 1312, Ingeborg and Erik were formally married in a double wedding in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
County Of Zeeland
The County of Zeeland () was a county of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries and it later became one of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic. It covered an area in the Scheldt and Meuse (river), Meuse delta roughly corresponding to the modern Dutch provinces, Dutch province of Zeeland. The County of Zeeland did not include the region of Zeelandic Flanders which was part of County of Flanders, Flanders; conversely, the modern Province of Zeeland does not include Sommelsdijk, historically part of the County of Zeeland. History Historically the area was often under the influence of its stronger neighbors, the County of Holland, the County of Hainaut and the County of Flanders. In 1012 Emperor Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry II the Saint enfeoffed the France in the Middle Ages, French count Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders, Baldwin IV of Flanders with Zeeland after which both counties were ruled in personal union, contested by northern Holland from the beginning. In 116 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
