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Bystrowiella
''Bystrowiella'' is an extinct genus of Bystrowianidae, bystrowianid chroniosuchians from upper Middle Triassic (Ladinian age) deposits of Kupferzell and Vellberg, northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Discovery and naming It was first named by Florian Witzmann, Rainer R. Schoch and Michael W. Maisch in 2008 in paleontology, 2008, from a complete osteoderm fused with tip of neural spine (SMNS 91034, the holotype), partial osteoderms (SMNS 91036, 91037) and vertebrae (SMNS 81698, 81871–81874, 81876, 81877, 81879). The type species is ''Bystrowiella schumanni''. The genus is named in honour of Dr. Alexey Bystrow, a Russian paleontologist and the species in honour of Schumann family. ''Bystrowiella''s closest relative was ''Synesuchus''. ''B. schumanni'' is the first bystrowianid identified outside Russia and China. Description ''Bystrowiella'' is known by cranial and postcranial material. The premaxilla has an edentulous crest lateral to the choana; the premaxillary teeth are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bystrowianidae
Bystrowianidae is a family of chroniosuchian tetrapods from the Permian and Triassic periods. Phylogeny Below is the cladogram from Buchwitz ''et al.'' (2012) showing the phylogenetic relations of bystrowianids: Cladogram from Novikov (2018) showing internal relationships of bystrowianids based on differences in their osteoderms: References Chroniosuchia Prehistoric tetrapod families {{paleo-tetrapod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chroniosuchia
Chroniosuchia is a group of tetrapods that lived from the Middle Permian to Late Triassic in what is now Kyrgyzstan, China and Germany, Eastern Europe. Chroniosuchians are often thought to be reptiliomorphs, but some recent phylogenetic analyses suggest instead that they are stem-tetrapods. They were all rather short limbed with a strong tail and elongated snout, somewhat resembling modern crocodiles. The group is traditionally considered to be a suborder or order of labyrinthodonts. Chroniosuchians likely had ecological niches as riverside predators, and may have been outcompeted by semiaquatic true reptiles such as phytosaurs in the late Triassic. Most forms bore a heavy armour of scutes along the back, possibly for protection against land born predators like therapsids, or to strengthen the axial skeleton for terrestrial locomotion. Indeed, femoral microanatomy of '' Chroniosaurus'' suggests that it was amphibious to terrestrial. Description The most distinguishing features ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synesuchus
''Synesuchus'' is an extinct genus of Bystrowianidae, bystrowianid chroniosuchians from middle Triassic (Ladinian stage) deposits of Komi Republic, northern Fore-Ural (region), Ural of Russia. It is known from the holotype PIN 4466/12, which consists of armor scute and from the referred materials PIN 4466/10, 4466/11, 4466/13 and 4466/14. It was found in the Nadkrasnokamenskaya Formation of the Bukobay Horizon. It was first named by I.V. Novikov and M.A. Shishkin in 2000 in paleontology, 2000 and the type species is ''Synesuchus muravjevi''. The name of a biological genus, generic name comes from ''Syne'', from Bolshaya Synya river, and “crocodile” (''suchos'' in Greek language, Greek), and the specific name (zoology), specific name honors the Russian geologist Ivan Stepanovich Murav'ev. Phylogeny ''Synesuchus'' in a cladogram after Novikov (2018) showing internal relationships of bystrowianids based on differences in their osteoderms: References Chroniosuchia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Triassic
In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epoch (geology), epochs of the Triassic period (geology), period or the middle of three series (stratigraphy), series in which the Triassic system (stratigraphy), system is divided in chronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between annum, Ma and Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Early Triassic Epoch and followed by the Late Triassic Epoch. The Middle Triassic is divided into the Anisian and Ladinian age (geology), ages or stage (stratigraphy), stages. Formerly the middle series in the Triassic was also known as Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a specific unit of stratum, rock strata with approximately Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe. Middle Triassic life Following the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the most devastating of all mass-extinctions, life recovered slowly. In the Middle Triassic, many groups of organisms reached higher diversity again, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexey Bystrow
Alexey Petrovich Bystrow, sometimes spelled Alexey Petrovich Bystrov and Aleksei Petrovich Bystrow, (; February 1, 1899 – August 29, 1959) was a Soviet paleontologist, anatomist, and histologist. Biography Born in the village of Tarasovo in Ryazan Governorate on 1 February 1899. His father was a Russian Orthodox protopriest and his mother was a school teacher. Bystrow's articles in English Bystrow, A.P. ''Kotlassia prima'' Amalitzky. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Washington, 1944, v.55, N5, pp.379-416.* Bystrow, A.P. Hydrophilous and Xerophilous Labyrinthodonts. Acta Zool., Stockholm, A.Bonniers forlag, 1947, v.28, N1, pp. 137–164. * Bystrow, A.P. The microstructure of dermal bones in Arthrodires. Acta Zool., Stockholm, A. Bonniers forlag, 1957, v.38, N2-3, pp. 239–275. * Bystrow, A.P. The microstructure of skeleton elements in some vertebrates from lower Devonian deposits of the USSR. Acta Zool., Stockholm, A. Bonniers boktryckeri, 1959, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interclavicle
An interclavicle is a bone which, in most tetrapods, is located between the clavicles. Therian mammals ( marsupials and placentals) are the only tetrapods which never have an interclavicle, although some members of other groups also lack one. In therians, it is replaced by the sternum which is similar in shape and function but forms via endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential pathways by which bone tissue is produced during fetal development and bone healing, bone repair of the mammalian skeleton, skeletal system, the other pathway being intramembranous ossificatio ... (cartilage forming bone). The interclavicle, on the other hand, develops through intramembranous ossification of the skin. References Bones of the upper limb Vertebrate anatomy {{Vertebrate anatomy-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amniotes
Amniotes are tetrapod vertebrate animals belonging to the clade Amniota, a large group that comprises the vast majority of living terrestrial and semiaquatic vertebrates. Amniotes evolved from amphibious stem tetrapod ancestors during the Carboniferous period. Amniota is defined as the smallest crown clade containing humans, the Greek tortoise, and the Nile crocodile. Amniotes are distinguished from the other living tetrapod clade — the non-amniote lissamphibians (frogs/ toads, salamanders/ newts and caecilians) — by: the development of three extraembryonic membranes ( amnion for embryonic protection, chorion for gas exchange, and allantois for metabolic waste disposal or storage); thicker and keratinized skin; costal respiration (breathing by expanding/constricting the rib cage); the presence of adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues as a discrete pair of glands near their kidneys; more complex kidneys; the presence of an astragalus for better ext ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fontanelle
A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising soft membranous gaps ( sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant. Fontanelles allow for stretching and deformation of the neurocranium both during birth and later as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. Premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosis. After infancy, the anterior fontanelle is known as the bregma. Structure An infant's skull consists of five main bones: two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone. These are joined by fibrous sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth and brain growth. * Posterior fontanelle is triangle-shaped. It lies at the junction between the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture. At birth, the skull features a small posterior fontanelle with an open area covered by a tough membrane, where the two pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antorbital Fenestra
An antorbital fenestra (plural: fenestrae) is an opening in the skull that is in front of the eye sockets. This skull character is largely associated with Archosauriformes, archosauriforms, first appearing during the Triassic Period. Among Extant taxon, extant archosaurs, birds still possess antorbital fenestrae, whereas crocodylians have lost them. The loss in crocodylians is believed to be related to the structural needs of their skulls for the bite force and feeding behaviours that they employ.Preushscoft, H., Witzel, U. 2002. Biomechanical Investigations on the Skulls of Reptiles and Mammals. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 82:207–222.Rayfield, E.J., Milner, A.C., Xuan, V.B., Young, P.G. 2007. Functional Morphology of Spinosaur "Crocodile Mimic" Dinosaurs. JVP. 27(4):892–901. In some archosaur species, the opening has closed but its location is still marked by a depression, or Fossa (anatomy), fossa, on the surface of the skull called the antorbital fossa. The antorbital fenestra h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Postfrontal Bone
The postfrontal is a paired cranial bone found in many tetrapods. It occupies an area of the skull roof between and behind the orbits (eye sockets), lateral to the frontal and parietal bones, and anterior to the postorbital bone. The postfrontal forms part of the rear and upper border of the eye socket when present. It is particularly large in many extinct amphibians and their sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) ancestors, stretching forwards to contact the prefrontal, thus separating the frontal from the rim of the orbit. In living amphibians ( lissamphibians), the postfrontal is absent, having failed to ossify during development. The postfrontal is present but reduced in some reptiles, including modern squamates (lizards and snakes). It is lost or fused to surrounding bones in mammals, crocodylomorphs (including crocodilians) and dinosaurs (including birds), though it is present in other extinct archosaurs Archosauria () or archosaurs () is a clade of diapsid sauropsid tetrapo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prefrontal Bone
The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls. It first evolved in the sarcopterygian clade Rhipidistia, which includes lungfish and the Tetrapodomorpha. The prefrontal is found in most modern and extinct lungfish, amphibians and reptiles. The prefrontal is lost in early mammaliaforms and so is not present in modern mammals either. In dinosaurs The prefrontal bone is a very small bone near the top of the skull, which is lost in many groups of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs and is completely absent in their modern descendants, the bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class (biology), class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the Oviparity, laying of Eggshell, hard-shelled eggs, a high Metabolism, metabolic rate, a fou ...s. Conversely, a well developed prefrontal is considered to be a primitive feature in dinosaurs. The prefrontal makes contact with several other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabular Bone
The tabular bones are a pair of triangular flat bones along the rear edge of the skull which form pointed structures known as tabular horns in primitive Teleostomi. References Fish anatomy Amphibian anatomy {{vertebrate-anatomy-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
