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Bulgarian State Security Service
State Security (Държавна сигурност, ''Darzhavna sigurnost''; abbreviated ДС, DS) was the name of the Bulgarian secret service under the People's Republic of Bulgaria during the Cold War, until 1989. State Security was closely allied with its Soviet counterpart, the KGB. Structure * 1st Main Directorateforeign intelligence. Succeeded by the National Intelligence Service in 1990. * 2nd Main Directoratecounterintelligence. Succeeded by the National Security Service. * 3rd Directoratemilitary counterintelligence * 4th Directoratesurveillance * 5th Directorategovernment security and protection. Succeeded by the National Protection Service. * 6th Directoratepolitical police. Succeeded by the Main Service for Combating Organized Crime. It had the following departments: ** 1st Departmentworked among the intelligentsia and controlling the unions of artists ** 2nd Departmentworked in the universities and among the students ** 3rd Departmentresponsible for the clergy, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Agency For National Security
State Agency for National Security (, ДАНС; ''Darzhavna agentsiya "Natsionalna sigurnost"'', ''DANS'') is a specialized body for counterintelligence and security and its chief responsibility is to detect, prevent and neutralize the threats to the Bulgarian national security. It is the most powerful security agency of Bulgaria. The Agency is constituted to guarantee no foreign interference in the internal affairs of Bulgaria and to provide the highest state authorities with information necessary for conducting the national security policy and for the decision-making process in compliance with the national interests. In order to fulfill its duties, DANS uses in its work the whole spectrum of counter-intelligence means and resources. The Agency is responsible for constantly improving its capabilities as an integral part of the Bulgarian Intelligence Community, the National Security System and the security system of the democratic community of the EU and the NATO member states. Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Movement
The White movement,. The old spelling was retained by the Whites to differentiate from the Reds. also known as the Whites, was one of the main factions of the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It was led mainly by the Right-wing politics, right-leaning and Conservatism, conservative officers of the Russian Empire, while the Bolsheviks who led the October Revolution in Russia, also known as the ''Reds'', and their supporters, were regarded as the main enemies of the Whites. It operated as a loose system of governments and administrations and military formations collectively referred to as the White Army, or the White Guard. Although the White movement included a variety of political opinions in Russia opposed to the Bolsheviks, from the republican-minded liberals through monarchists to the ultra-nationalist Black Hundreds, and did not have a universally-accepted leader or doctrine, the main force behind the movement were the conservative officers, and the resulting movement shared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulgarian Umbrella
A Bulgarian umbrella is an umbrella with a hidden pneumatic mechanism which injects a small poisonous pellet containing ricin. Recorded usage Such an umbrella was used in and named for the assassination of the Bulgarian dissident writer Georgi Markov on 7 September 1978 (the birthday of the Bulgarian State Council chairman Todor Zhivkov, who had often been the target of Georgi Markov's criticism) on Waterloo Bridge in London. Markov died four days later. It was also allegedly used in the failed assassination attempt against the Bulgarian dissident journalist Vladimir Kostov the same year in the Paris ''Métro''. The poison used in both cases was ricin. Both assassination attempts are believed to have been organized by the Bulgarian Secret Service of the time of the Cold War with the assistance of the KGB. Such an umbrella was intended to be used in the assassination of Pallo Jordan and Ronnie Kasrils by the South African Civil Cooperation Bureau death squad. Cultu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
London
London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a tidal estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and financial centre, the City of London, was founded by the Roman Empire, Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of Government of the United Kingdom, the national government and Parliament of the United Kingdom, parliament. London grew rapidly 19th-century London, in the 19th century, becoming the world's List of largest cities throughout history, largest city at the time. Since the 19th cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waterloo Bridge
Waterloo Bridge () is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges. Its name commemorates the victory of the British, Dutch and Prussians at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Thanks to its location at a strategic bend in the river, the bridge offers good views of Westminster, the South Bank and the London Eye to the west, and of the City of London and Canary Wharf to the east. History First bridge The first bridge on the site was designed in 1809–10 by John Rennie (engineer), John Rennie for the Company of Proprietors of The Strand, London, Strand Bridge (the Strand Bridge Company). The Strand Bridge Company built the bridge privately, in return for charging tolls to cross it. Originally named 'the Strand Bridge', following the victory of the Battle of Waterloo, the bridge was renamed in 1816 (before its opening) to 'the Waterloo Bridge'. The bridge company was at the sam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgi Markov
Georgi Ivanov Markov ( ; 1 March 1929 – 11 September 1978) was a Bulgarian dissident writer. He originally worked as a novelist, screenwriter and playwright in his native country, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, until his defection in 1969. After relocating to London, he worked as a broadcaster and journalist for the BBC World Service, the Radio Free Europe and West Germany's Deutsche Welle. Markov used such forums to conduct a campaign of sarcastic criticism against the incumbent Bulgarian-Soviet regime. Markov was assassinated on a London street via a micro-engineered pellet that might have contained ricin. Contemporary newspaper accounts reported that he had been stabbed in the leg with an Bulgarian umbrella, umbrella delivering a poisoned pellet, wielded by someone associated with the Committee for State Security (Bulgaria), Bulgarian Secret Service. Annabel Markov recalled her husband's view about the umbrella, telling the BBC's ''Panorama (British TV programme), Pan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulgarian Turks
Bulgarian Turks (; ) are ethnic Turkish people from Bulgaria. According to the 2021 census, there were 508,375 Bulgarians of Turkish descent, roughly 8.4% of the population, making them the country's largest ethnic minority. Bulgarian Turks also comprise the largest single population of Turks in the Balkans. They primarily live in the southern province of Kardzhali and the northeastern provinces of Shumen, Silistra, Razgrad and Targovishte. There is also a diaspora outside Bulgaria in countries such as Turkey, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway and Romania, the most significant of which are the Bulgarian Turks in Turkey. Bulgarian Turks are the descendants of Turkish settlers who entered the region after the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, as well as Bulgarian converts to Islam who became Turkified during the centuries of Ottoman rule. However, it has also been suggested that some Turks living today in Bulgaria may be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulgarianization
Bulgarisation (), also known as Bulgarianisation () is the spread of Bulgarian culture beyond the Bulgarian ethnic space. Historically, unsuccessful assimilation efforts in Bulgaria were primarily directed at Muslims, most notably Bulgarian Turks, but non-Islamic groups have also faced cultural assimilation, like some Vlachs. Also, there were assimilation campaigns over the majority of Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia, who although were known generally as "Bulgarians" by name, did not have a clear national identity, and the same occurred during World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia and in Greek Macedonia. History Ottoman rule Under Ottoman rule, much of the expansion of the Bulgarian ethnic group was reversed. While the Ottoman Empire provided for some cultural and religious autonomy under the "Millet System", and Bulgarians were briefly granted their own Bulgarian Millet, Bulgarians were no longer politically dominant in their own lands. While the Ottomans did not generally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revival Process
The "Revival Process" or the "Process of Rebirth" () refers to a policy of forced assimilation practiced by the communist Bulgarian government in the 1980s (1984-1989). It was the culmination of a series of repressive assimilationist campaigns directed at the country's Turkish minority. The "Revival Process" was in turn followed by the forced expulsion of over 300,000 Muslims in 1989. Terminology The "Revival Process" Like with the " Big Excursion", the name "Revival Process", under which this campaign of forced assimilation is most well known, is euphemistic and ambiguous. It likewise originated from the statements and official correspondence of the socialist Bulgarian government while it carried out the policy. Bulgarian Muslims and Bulgarian Turks Bulgarian Turks constitute a substantial portion of Bulgaria's Muslim population. While the country had different campaigns for assimilation of Pomaks in the 1960s and 1970s, the "Revival Process" was against the Turkish and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
