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Bufoviridine
Bufoviridine, also known as bufotenine ''O''-sulfate, dihydrobufothionine, or 5-sulfooxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (5-sulfooxy-DMT or 5-SO-DMT), is a naturally occurring tryptamine found in ''Bufo'' species such as ''Bufo viridis'' and ''Bufo calamita''. It is the ''O''-sulfate ester of bufotenin (5-HO-DMT). The compound shows very weak serotonergic activity. Bufoviridine is not known to have been evaluated in humans, but is suggested to be inactive based on animal studies. The 4-''O''-acetate, 4-''O''-phosphate, and 4-''O''-benzoate esters of psilocin (4-HO-DMT) are all active, but the 4-''O''-sulfate ester is inactive, suggesting that bufoviridine may be inactive as well. It was first described in the 1950s. See also * Substituted tryptamine * Bufotenin * Bufotenidine * Bufothionine Bufothionine is a sulfur-containing compound which is present in the bufotoxins secreted by the parotoid gland of certain toads of the genera ''Bufo'' and '' Chaunus''. This specific compound ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Tryptamine
Substituted tryptamines, or simply tryptamines, also known as serotonin analogues (i.e., 5-hydroxytryptamine analogues), are organic compounds which may be thought of as being derived from tryptamine itself. The molecular structures of all tryptamines contain an indole ring, joined to an amino group, amino (NH2) group via an ethyl (−CH2–CH2−) side chain, sidechain. In substituted tryptamines, the indole ring, sidechain, and/or amino group are modified by substituting another group for one of the hydrogen (H) atoms. Well-known tryptamines include serotonin, an important neurotransmitter, and melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Tryptamine alkaloids are found in fungi, plants and animals; and sometimes used by humans for the neurological or psychotropic effects of the substance. Prominent examples of tryptamine alkaloids include psilocybin (from "psilocybin mushrooms") and dimethyltryptamine, DMT. In South America, dimethyltryptamine is obtained f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bufothionine
Bufothionine is a sulfur-containing compound which is present in the bufotoxins secreted by the parotoid gland of certain toads of the genera ''Bufo'' and '' Chaunus''. This specific compound can be found in the skin of certain species of toad such as the Asiatic Toad, '' Chaunus arunco'', '' Chaunus crucifer'', '' Chaunus spinulosus'', and '' Chaunus arenarum''. Research In ancient times, cinobufacini, which is extracted from the skin and the parotid venom glands of toad of the bufo genus was used to treat symptoms like swelling and pain. In the present time, cinobufacinin injections are used to achieve satisfactory effect on Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in China. Bufothionine is a major active component of cinobufacini. Bufothionine has been shown to suppress growth of cancerous liver cells ''in vitro'' . In vivo, bufothionine has also been showing relieved symptoms and anti inflammatory activities in tumor bearing mice. Experiments were conducted in which cultured cancer c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Product
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life. Natural products can also be prepared by chemical synthesis (both semisynthesis and total synthesis and have played a central role in the development of the field of organic chemistry by providing challenging synthetic targets). The term ''natural product'' has also been extended for commercial purposes to refer to cosmetics, dietary supplements, and foods produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients. Within the field of organic chemistry, the definition of natural products is usually restricted to organic compounds isolated from natural sources that are produced by the pathways of primary or secondary metabolism. Within the field of medicinal chemistry, the definition is often further restricted to secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites (or specialized meta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substances Discovered In The 1950s
Substance may refer to: * Matter, anything that has mass and takes up space Chemistry * Chemical substance, a material with a definite chemical composition * Drug, a chemical agent affecting an organism Arts, entertainment, and media Music * ''Substance'' (Blank & Jones album), 2002 * ''Substance'' (Joy Division album), 1988 * ''Substance 1987'', a New Order album * "Substance", a song by Haste the Day on the album '' Burning Bridges'' * "Substance" (song), a 2022 song by Demi Lovato Other media * ''The Substance'', 2024 film * ''SubStance'', an interdisciplinary journal on literature published by the University of Wisconsin Press * '' Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance'', an update of the video game ''Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty'' Religion and philosophy * Dravya, a term used in Jainism to refer a substance * ''Ousia'', term for substance in ancient Greek philosophy and Christian theology * Substance theory, an ontological theory positing that a substance is distinct fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin Receptor Modulators
5-HT receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in multiple tissues including the central and peripheral nervous systems. They mediate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. The serotonin (i.e., 5-hydroxytryptamine, hence "5-HT") receptors are activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin, which acts as their natural ligand. The serotonin receptors modulate the release of many neurotransmitters, including glutamate, GABA, dopamine, epinephrine / norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, as well as many hormones, including oxytocin, prolactin, vasopressin, cortisol, corticotropin, and substance P, among others. Serotonin receptors influence various biological and neurological processes such as aggression, anxiety, appetite, cognition, learning, memory, mood, nausea, sleep, and thermoregulation. They are the target of a variety of pharmaceutical and recreational drugs, includin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibian Toxins
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. In its broadest sense, it is a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods, but excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane, such as modern reptiles, birds and mammals). All extant (living) amphibians belong to the monophyletic subclass Lissamphibia, with three living orders: Anura (frogs and toads), Urodela (salamanders), and Gymnophiona (caecilians). Evolved to be mostly semiaquatic, amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living in freshwater, wetland or terrestrial ecosystems (such as riparian woodland, fossorial and even arboreal habitats). Their life cycle typically starts out as aquatic larvae with gills known as tadpoles, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. Young amphibians generally undergo metamorphosis from an aquatic larval form with gills to an air-breathing ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
O-Pivalylbufotenine
''O''-Pivalylbufotenine, or bufotenine ''O''-pivalate, also known as 5-pivaloxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine or ''O''-pivalyl-''N'',''N''-dimethylserotonin, is a synthetic tryptamine derivative and putative serotonergic psychedelic. It is the ''O''- pivalyl analogue of the naturally occurring but peripherally selective serotonergic tryptamine bufotenine (5-hydroxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltrypamine or ''N'',''N''-dimethylserotonin) and is thought to act as a centrally penetrant prodrug of bufotenine. ''O''-Pivalylbufotenine shows psychedelic-like effects in animals but is less active than anticipated, perhaps due to its high lipophilicity and, by extension, high plasma protein binding and ester hydrolysis into bufotenine prior to crossing the blood–brain barrier. In addition to theoretically acting as a prodrug of bufotenine, which is a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, ''O''-pivalylbufotenine may also interact directly with certain serotonin receptors. Besides ''O''- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
O-Acetylbufotenine
''O''-Acetylbufotenine, or bufotenine ''O''-acetate, also known as 5-acetoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (5-AcO-DMT) or ''O''-acetyl-''N'',''N''-dimethylserotonin, is a synthetic tryptamine derivative and putative serotonergic psychedelic. It is the ''O''-acetylated analogue of the naturally occurring peripherally selective serotonergic tryptamine bufotenine (5-hydroxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltrypamine or ''N'',''N''-dimethylserotonin) and is thought to act as a centrally penetrant prodrug of bufotenine. Bufotenine has low lipophilicity, limitedly crosses the blood–brain barrier in animals, does not produce psychedelic-like effects in animals except at very high doses or administered directly into the brain, and produces inconsistent and weak psychedelic effects accompanied by pronounced peripheral side effects in humans. ''O''-Acetylbufotenine, which is much more lipophilic than bufotenine due to its acetyl group, was developed in an attempt to overcome bufotenine's limitat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bufotenidine
Bufotenidine, also known as 5-hydroxy-''N'',''N'',''N''-trimethyltryptammonium (5-HTQ), is an indole toxin related to bufotenin, serotonin, and other tryptamines which is found in the venom of a variety of toads. It acts as a selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor agonist, and has been used in scientific research to study the function of the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor, though this use has been limited by the fact that, as a quaternary amine, it is unable to readily cross the blood-brain-barrier and hence is peripherally selective. See also * 4-HO-TMT * Aeruginascin * 2-Methyl-5-HT * Chlorophenylbiguanide ''meta''-Chlorophenylbiguanide (1-(3-Chlorophenylbiguanide, ''m''-CPBG) is an allosteric agonist and modulator of the 5-HT3 receptor and an antagonist of the α2A-adrenergic receptor. It has anxiogenic, emetic Vomiting (also known as eme ... References 5-HT3 agonists Amphibian toxins Drugs with no legal status Emetics 5-Hydroxytryptamines Peripherally sele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
