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Brute-force Attack
In cryptography, a brute-force attack or exhaustive key search is a cryptanalytic attack that consists of an attacker submitting many possible keys or passwords with the hope of eventually guessing correctly. This strategy can theoretically be used to break any form of encryption that is not information-theoretically secure. However, in a properly designed cryptosystem the chance of successfully guessing the key is negligible. When cracking passwords, this method is very fast when used to check all short passwords, but for longer passwords other methods such as the dictionary attack are used because a brute-force search takes too long. Longer passwords, passphrases and keys have more possible values, making them exponentially more difficult to crack than shorter ones due to diversity of characters. Brute-force attacks can be made less effective by obfuscating the data to be encoded making it more difficult for an attacker to recognize when the code has been cracked or by ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logy, -logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of Adversary (cryptography), adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing Communication protocol, protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security (confidentiality, data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation) are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, Smart card#EMV, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, password, computer passwords, and military communications. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joule
The joule ( , or ; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). In terms of SI base units, one joule corresponds to one kilogram- metre squared per second squared One joule is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a body through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889). Definition According to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures the joule is defined as "the work done when the point of application of 1 MKS unit of force ewtonmoves a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force." In terms of SI base units and in terms of SI derived units with special names, the joule is defined as One joule is also equivalent to any of the following: * The work required to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hashcat
Hashcat is a password cracking, password recovery tool. It had a proprietary code base until 2015, but was then released as open source software. Versions are available for Linux, macOS, and Windows. Examples of hashcat-supported hashing algorithms are LM hashes, MD4, MD5, SHA1, SHA-family and Crypt (Unix), Unix Crypt formats as well as algorithms used in MySQL and Cisco PIX. Hashcat has received publicity because it is partly based on flaws in other software discovered by its creator. An example was a flaw in 1Password's password manager hashing scheme. It has also been compared to similar software in a USENIX, Usenix publication and been described on Ars Technica. Variants Previously, two variants of hashcat existed: * hashcat - CPU-based password recovery tool * oclHashcat/cudaHashcat - General-purpose computing on graphics processing units, GPU-accelerated tool (OpenCL or CUDA) With the release of hashcat v3.00, the GPU and CPU tools were merged into a single tool called ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GeForce 40 Series
The GeForce RTX 40 series is a family of consumer graphics processing units (GPUs) developed by Nvidia as part of its GeForce line of Graphics card, graphics cards, succeeding the GeForce RTX 30 series. The series was announced on September 20, 2022, at the GPU Technology Conference, and launched on October 12, 2022, starting with its flagship model, the RTX 4090. It was succeeded by the GeForce RTX 50 series, which debuted on January 30, 2025, after being previously announced at CES (annual technology trade show), CES. The cards are based on Nvidia's Ada Lovelace (microarchitecture), Ada Lovelace architecture and feature Nvidia RTX's third-generation RT cores for Ray-tracing hardware, hardware-accelerated real-time ray tracing, and fourth-generation Deep learning, deep-learning-focused Tensor Cores. Architecture Architectural highlights of the Ada Lovelace architecture include the following: * CUDA Compute Capability 8.9 * TSMC 4Nprocess (5 nm custom designed for Nvidia) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Efficient Energy Use
Efficient energy use, or energy efficiency, is the process of reducing the amount of energy required to provide products and services. There are many technologies and methods available that are more energy efficient than conventional systems. For example, building insulation, insulating a building allows it to use less heating and cooling energy while still maintaining a Thermal comfort, comfortable temperature. Another method made by Lev Levich is to remove energy subsidies that promote high energy consumption and inefficient energy use. Improved energy efficiency in Green building, buildings, industrial processes and Energy efficiency in transport, transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third. There are two main motivations to improve energy efficiency. Firstly, one motivation is to achieve Operating cost, cost savings during the operation of the appliance or process. However, installing an energy-efficient technology comes with an upfront cost, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Field-programmable Gate Array
A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a type of configurable integrated circuit that can be repeatedly programmed after manufacturing. FPGAs are a subset of logic devices referred to as programmable logic devices (PLDs). They consist of an array of programmable logic device, programmable logic block, logic blocks with a connecting grid, that can be configured "in the field" to interconnect with other logic blocks to perform various digital functions. FPGAs are often used in limited (low) quantity production of custom-made products, and in research and development, where the higher cost of individual FPGAs is not as important, and where creating and manufacturing a custom circuit would not be feasible. Other applications for FPGAs include the telecommunications, automotive, aerospace, and industrial sectors, which benefit from their flexibility, high signal processing speed, and parallel processing abilities. A FPGA configuration is generally written using a hardware descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graphics Processing Unit
A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed for digital image processing and to accelerate computer graphics, being present either as a discrete video card or embedded on motherboards, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. GPUs were later found to be useful for non-graphic calculations involving embarrassingly parallel problems due to their parallel structure. The ability of GPUs to rapidly perform vast numbers of calculations has led to their adoption in diverse fields including artificial intelligence (AI) where they excel at handling data-intensive and computationally demanding tasks. Other non-graphical uses include the training of neural networks and cryptocurrency mining. History 1970s Arcade system boards have used specialized graphics circuits since the 1970s. In early video game hardware, RAM for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scann ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Custom Hardware Attack
Custom, customary, or consuetudinary may refer to: Traditions, laws, and religion * Convention (norm), a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted rules, norms, standards or criteria, often taking the form of a custom * Mores, what is widely observed in a particular culture, considered to be practiced by persons of good moral character * Social norm, a rule that is socially enforced * Tradition * Customary law or consuetudinary, laws and regulations established by common practice * Customary (liturgy) or consuetudinary, a Christian liturgical book describing the adaptation of rites and rules for a particular context * Custom (Catholic canon law), an unwritten law established by repeated practice * Customary international law, an aspect of international law involving the principle of custom * Minhag (pl. minhagim), Jewish customs * ʿUrf (Arabic: العرف), the customs of a given society or culture Import and export * Customs, a tariff on imported or exported goods ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ASIC
An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC ) is an integrated circuit (IC) chip customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use, such as a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a high-efficiency video codec. Application-specific standard product chips are intermediate between ASICs and industry standard integrated circuits like the 7400 series or the 4000 series. ASIC chips are typically fabricated using metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology, as MOS integrated circuit chips. As feature sizes have shrunk and chip design tools improved over the years, the maximum complexity (and hence functionality) possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000 logic gates to over 100 million. Modern ASICs often include entire microprocessors, memory blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, flash memory and other large building blocks. Such an ASIC is often termed a SoC ( system-on-chip). Designers of digital ASICs often use a hardware des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATI Radeon HD 5770 Graphics Card-oblique View
Ati or ATI may refer to: * Ati people, a Negrito ethnic group in the Philippines **Ati language (Philippines), the language spoken by this people group ** Ati-Atihan festival, an annual celebration held in the Philippines * Ati language (China), an unclassified Loloish language of Huaning County, Yunnan, China * Ati, a queen of the fabled Land of Punt in Africa * Ati, Chad, a town in Chad * Ati, Iran, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran * Maha Ati, one of the nine subdivisions of Buddhist Tantra in the Nyingma school The acronym ATI may refer to: Academic institutions * Auckland Technical Institute, now the Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand * Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute, known as Ohio State ATI * An associate of the Tax Institute of Australia Electronics and information technology * Acronis True Image, cloning and backup software * Allied Telesis, a telecommunications company, formerly Allied Telesyn * Tunisian Interne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reversible Computing
Reversible computing is any model of computation where every step of the process is time-reversible. This means that, given the output of a computation, it's possible to perfectly reconstruct the input. In systems that progress deterministically from one state to another, a key requirement for reversibility is a one-to-one correspondence between each state and its successor. Reversible computing is considered an unconventional approach to computation and is closely linked to quantum computing, where the principles of quantum mechanics inherently ensure reversibility (as long as quantum states are not measured or " collapsed"). Reversibility There are two major, closely related types of reversibility that are of particular interest for this purpose: physical reversibility and logical reversibility. A process is said to be ''physically reversible'' if it results in no increase in physical entropy; it is isentropic. There is a style of circuit design ideally exhibiting thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entropy (computing)
In computing, entropy is the randomness collected by an operating system or application for use in cryptography or other uses that require random data. This randomness is often collected from hardware sources (variance in fan noise or HDD), either pre-existing ones such as mouse movements or specially provided randomness generators. A lack of entropy can have a negative impact on performance and security. Linux kernel The Linux kernel generates entropy from Keyboard (computing), keyboard timings, Mouse (computing), mouse movements, and integrated drive electronics (IDE) timings and makes the random character data available to other operating system processes through the special files /dev/random and /dev/urandom. This capability was introduced in Linux version 1.3.30. There are some Linux kernel patches allowing one to use more entropy sources. The audio_entropyd project, which is included in some operating systems such as Fedora (operating system), Fedora, allows audio data ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
