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Brussels Effect
The Brussels effect is the process of European Union (EU) regulations spreading well beyond the EU's borders. Through the Brussels effect, regulated entities, especially corporations, end up complying with EU laws even outside the EU for a variety of reasons. The effect is named after the city of Brussels and the European Union, Brussels, the de facto capital of the European Union, used as a metonym for the European Union. The combination of market size, market importance, relatively stringent standards and regulatory capacity of the European Union can have the effect that firms trading internationally find that it is not economically, legally or technically practical to maintain lower standards in non-EU markets. Non-EU companies exporting globally can find that it is beneficial to adopt standards set in Brussels uniformly throughout their business. The California effect and the Brussels effect are a form of "race to the top (phrase), race to the top" where the most stringent st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banderas Europeas En La Comisión Europea
Banderas may refer to: People *Alberto Del Rio (Alberto Banderas), Mexican professional wrestler *Antonio Banderas (born 1960), Spanish actor *Josh Banderas (born 1995), American football player *Julie Banderas, American television news correspondent and weekend anchor for the Fox News Channel *Marco Banderas, Uruguayan-Spanish porn actor *Ricky Banderas, Puerto Rican professional wrestler Places *Bahía de Banderas, a bay and a municipality in Mexico *Banderas River, a river in El Salvador *Banderas (TransMilenio), a mass transit station in Bogotá, Colombia Music *Banderas (duo), a British female pop duo *''Banderas'', a 2016 album by L'Algérino {{disambig, geo, surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Economic Area
The European Economic Area (EEA) was established via the ''Agreement on the European Economic Area'', an international agreement which enables the extension of the European Union's single market to member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The EEA links the EU member states and three of the four EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) into an internal market governed by the same EU laws. These rules aim to enable free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital within the European single market, including the freedom to choose residence in any country within this area. The EEA was established on 1 January 1994 upon entry into force of the EEA Agreement. The contracting parties are the EU, its member states, and Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. New members of EFTA would not automatically become party to the EEA Agreement, as each EFTA State decides on its own whether it applies to be party to the EEA Agreement or not. According to Article 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convergence (economics)
The idea of convergence in economics (also sometimes known as the catch-up effect) is the hypothesis that poorer economies' per capita incomes will tend to grow at faster rates than richer economies. In the Solow-Swan model, economic growth is driven by the accumulation of physical capital until this optimum level of capital per worker, which is the "steady state" is reached, where output, consumption and capital are constant. The model predicts more rapid growth when the level of physical capital per capita is low, something often referred to as “catch up” growth. As a result, all economies should eventually converge in terms of per capita income. Developing countries have the potential to grow at a faster rate than developed countries because diminishing returns (in particular, to capital) are not as strong as in capital-rich countries. Furthermore, poorer countries can replicate the production methods, technologies, and institutions of developed countries. In economic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anu Bradford
Anu H. Bradford (née Anu Piilola, born 1975) is a Finnish-American author, law professor, and expert in international trade law. In 2014, she was named the Henry L. Moses Distinguished Professor of Law and International Organization at the Columbia Law School. She is the author of ''The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World''. In 2024, she was awarded the Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research for her book ''Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology''. Early life and education Bradford was born and raised in Tampere, Finland. In her native homeland, she earned her L.L.M degree from the University of Helsinki in 2000. She attended Harvard Law School on a Fulbright Scholarship, graduating with another Master of Laws degree from Harvard in 2002. After time in Brussels with the law firm of Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, working on EU competition law, she returned to Harvard and graduated with an S.J.D. degree in 2007. Career I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IPhone 15
The iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus are smartphones developed and marketed by Apple. They are the seventeenth generation of iPhones, succeeding the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus. The devices were announced on September 12, 2023, during the Apple Event at Apple Park in Cupertino, California, alongside the higher-priced flagship iPhone 15 Pro and 15 Pro Max. Pre-orders began on September 15, 2023, and the devices were made available on September 22, 2023. Like the iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max, the 15 and 15 Plus are the first iPhones to replace the proprietary Lightning connector with USB-C to comply with European Union mandates. The iPhone 15 and 15 Plus are the last iPhones to feature 6 GB of RAM and the mute switch, as they do not feature the Action Button, unlike the 15 Pro series and subsequent models. With the launch of the iPhone 16 series on September 20, 2024, the Action Button become standard on both the regular iPhone 16 models and the iPhone 16 Pro models. The iPho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IPhone
The iPhone is a line of smartphones developed and marketed by Apple that run iOS, the company's own mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then–Apple CEO and co-founder Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007, at Macworld 2007, and launched later that year. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS versions; the most recent models being the iPhone 16 and 16 Plus, alongside the higher-end iPhone 16 Pro and 16 Pro Max, and the lower-end iPhone 16e (which replaces the iPhone SE). As of January 1, 2024, more than 2.3 billion iPhones have been sold, making Apple the largest vendor of mobile phones in 2023. The original iPhone was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology. Throughout its history, the iPhone has gained larger, higher-resolution displays, video-recording functionality, waterproofing, and many accessibility features. Up to the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front pane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple Inc
Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, in Silicon Valley. It is best known for its consumer electronics, software, and services. Founded in 1976 as Apple Computer Company by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, the company was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. the following year. It was renamed Apple Inc. in 2007 as the company had expanded its focus from computers to consumer electronics. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, with billion in the 2024 fiscal year. The company was founded to produce and market Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. Its second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller as one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple introduced the Lisa in 1983 and the Macintosh in 1984, as some of the first computers to use a graphical user interface and a mouse. By 1985, internal company problems led to Jobs leavin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Charger
Universal charger or common charger refers to various projects to standardize the connectors of power supplies, particularly for battery-powered devices. Since the publication of the USB Power Delivery standard in 2012, and the USB-C connector in 2014, USB-C has become a widespread standard for charging mobile phones. Advantages and disadvantages A situation where a variety of connectors proliferate has several disadvantages. It is inconvenient and costly for users, and causes unnecessary electronic waste when users change devices, due to the disposal of chargers still in working order. Legislation for mandatory charger standards has been criticized, particularly by Apple, who argued in 2019 that a single standard would "freeze innovation rather than encourage it." Apple also noted that if a universal standard was not an existing standard, adoption of a new standard would lead to increased e-waste. Apple used their proprietary Lightning connector, from which USB‑C is derived, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
USB-C
USB-C, or USB Type-C, is a 24-pin reversible Electrical connector, connector (not a Communication protocol, protocol) that supersedes previous USB hardware#Connectors, USB connectors (also supersedes Mini DisplayPort and Lightning (connector), Lightning connectors) that can transfer data, e.g. audio/video data, to connect to monitors, external drives, mobile phones, keyboards/mouses, and many more peripheral devices; sometimes indirectly via hubs/docking stations. It also exchanges electricity, in general to power peripheral devices. It is used not only by USB technology, but also by other data transfer protocols, including Thunderbolt (interface), Thunderbolt, PCIe, HDMI, DisplayPort, and others. It is Extensibility, extensible to support future protocols. The design for the USB-C connector was initially developed in 2012 by Intel, HP Inc., Microsoft, and the USB Implementers Forum. The Type-C Specification 1.0 was published by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) on August 11 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio Equipment Directive (2022)
Directive (EU) 2022/2380 is a directive of the European Parliament and the European Council which was formally adopted on 23 November 2022 amending Radio Equipment Directive 2014/53. The directive mandates the use of USB-C as a universal charger using a standard USB-C to USB-C cable for smartphones, tablets, digital cameras, headphones, headsets, handheld video game consoles, portable speakers, e-readers, keyboards, mice, portable navigation systems, and earbuds that use wired charging by the end of 2024, and laptops by 2026. The purpose of the directive is to reduce electronic waste by reducing the need for consumers to purchase different chargers for their equipment. The directive also allows the unbundling of a charger with a device when sold. If such equipment is capable of being recharged by wired charging at voltages higher than 5 volts, currents higher than 3 amperes, or powers higher than 15 watts, the equipment must support the full functionality of USB Power Deli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Country By Country Reporting Rules
Country-by-Country Reporting (CbCR, with the related report pertaining to a particular entity referred to as a Country-by-Country report or CbC report) is an international initiative pioneered by the OECD. It establishes a reporting standard for multinational enterprises (MNEs) with total consolidated group revenues > EUR 750 million containing key tax-related information including financial information and information on employees and non-cash tangible assets. Under the OECD rules, the information is to be exchanged between the tax authorities of the exchanging countries. However, the EU adopted legislation to make Country-by-Country reports publicly available after 2024. History Country-by-Country Reporting was initially proposed in 2003 as an accounting standard. The proposal emanated originally from the Tax Justice Network. The key component was information that would allow reconciliation of financial statements across different national jurisdictions. The initiative was init ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conflict Minerals Regulation
The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has a Kivu conflict, history of conflict, where various armies, rebel groups, and outside actors have profited from mining while contributing to violence and exploitation during wars in the region. The four main end products of mining in the eastern DRC are tin, tungsten, tantalum, and gold, which are extracted and passed through a variety of intermediaries before being sold to international markets. These four products, (known as the 3TGs) are essential in the manufacture of a variety of devices, including consumer electronics such as smartphones, tablets, and computers. Some have identified the conflict as significantly resource war, motivated by control over resources. In response, several countries and organizations, including the United States, European Union, and OECD have designated 3TG minerals connected to conflict in the DRC as conflict minerals and legally require companies to report trade or use of conflict minerals as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
