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Brother Leo
Brother Leo (died 15 November 1271) was the favorite disciple, secretary and confessor of Francis of Assisi. The dates of his birth and of his becoming a Franciscan are not known; a native of Assisi, he was one of the small group of most trusted companions of the saint during his last years. Life Although not one of the original twelve companions of Francis, Leo was one of the first to join him after the approbation of the first Rule of the Friars Minor (1209-1210) and perhaps was already a priest. In the course of time he became Francis's confessor and secretary, and from about 1220 up to the time of Francis's death Leo was his constant companion. He was with Francis when the latter retired to Fonte Colombo near Rieti in 1223 to re-write the rule of the order, and he accompanied him on his subsequent journey to Rome to seek its approval. The year following, Leo was present on Mount La Verna when Francis received the stigmata. Francis called him "Frate Pecorello di Dio" because o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beatification
Beatification (from Latin , "blessed" and , "to make") is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. ''Beati'' is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed" () (abbreviation "Bl.") before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds". It is the third stage of the ordinary process of Canonization#Since 1983, official recognitions for Catholic saints: Servant of God, Venerable#Catholic, Venerable, Blessed, and Saint. History Local Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishops had the power of beatifying until 1634, when Pope Urban VIII, in the apostolic constitution ''Cœlestis Jerusalem'' of 6 July, reserved the power of beatifying to the Holy See. Since the reforms of 1983, as a rule, (for non-martyred Venerables) one Miracle, miracle must ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnald Of Sarrant
Arnald of Sarrant () was a Franciscan friar and author. A native of Sarrant and a master of theology, he served as the minister provincial of Aquitaine from around 1361 until 1383. On 19 August 1373, Pope Gregory XI sent him to Castile in the aftermath of the Castilian Civil War (1351–1369) to reform the friaries of the Franciscans and Poor Clares. Under his authority on this mission were Diego de Palencia, Juan Gonsalvo de Ceuta and Juan de Úbeda.Noel Muscat, ed''Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor'' 369-1374 Section 1: Saint Francis and His Companions (TAU Franciscan Communications, 2010), pp. 7–8. Arnald was the author of ''The Kinship of Saint Francis'' (''De cognatione sancti Francisci''), completed after 1365,English translation of the ''Kinship'' in Regis J. Armstrong, J. A. Wayne Hellmann and William J. Short, eds., ''Francis of Assisi: Early Documents'', Vol. 3: The Prophet (New City Press, 1999), pp. 671–733. and probably also of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1270 Deaths
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the first and smallest positive integer of the infinite sequence of natural numbers. This fundamental property has led to its unique uses in other fields, ranging from science to sports, where it commonly denotes the first, leading, or top thing in a group. 1 is the unit of counting or measurement, a determiner for singular nouns, and a gender-neutral pronoun. Historically, the representation of 1 evolved from ancient Sumerian and Babylonian symbols to the modern Arabic numeral. In mathematics, 1 is the multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number. In digital technology, 1 represents the "on" state in binary code, the foundation of computing. Philosophically, 1 symbolizes the ultimate reality or source of existence in various traditions. In mathematics The number 1 is the first natural number after 0. Each natural numbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikos Kazantzakis
Nikos Kazantzakis (; ; 2 March (Old Style and New Style dates, OS 18 February) 188326 October 1957) was a Greeks, Greek writer, journalist, politician, poet and philosopher. Widely considered a giant of modern Greek literature, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in nine different years, and remains the most translated Greek author worldwide. Kazantzakis's novels included ''Zorba the Greek'' (published in 1946 as ''Life and Times of Alexis Zorbas''), ''Christ Recrucified'' (1948), ''Captain Michalis'' (1950, translated as ''Freedom or Death''), and ''The Last Temptation of Christ (novel), The Last Temptation of Christ'' (1955). He also wrote Modern Greek theatre, plays, Travel writing, travel books, memoirs, and philosophical essays, such as ''The Saviors of God, The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises''. His fame spread in the English-speaking world due to cinematic adaptations of ''Zorba the Greek (film), Zorba the Greek'' (1964) and ''The Last Temptation of Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Sabatier (theologian)
Charles Paul Marie Sabatier (3 or 9 August 1858 – 5 March 1928), was a French clergyman and historian who produced the first modern biography of St. Francis of Assisi. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Life Sabatier was born at Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux in Ardèche, and was educated at the Protestant Faculty of Theology in Paris. In 1885 he became vicar of St Nicolas, Strasbourg, but in 1889, declining an offer of preferment which was conditional on his becoming a German subject, he was expelled. For four years he was pastor of Saint-Cierge in Ardèche, but had to retire in 1893 due to health concerns. He then devoted himself entirely to historical research, spending much of his time in Italy. He had already produced an edition of the ''Didache'', and in November 1893 published his important ''Life of Francis of Assisi''. This book gave a great stimulus to the study of medieval literary and religious documents, especially of such as are con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basilica Of Saint Francis Of Assisi
The Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi (; ) is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Order of Friars Minor Conventual in Assisi, a town in the Umbria region in central Italy, where Saint Francis was born and died. It is a papal minor basilica and one of the most important places of Christian pilgrimage in Italy. With its accompanying friary, Sacro Convento, the basilica is a distinctive landmark to those approaching Assisi. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000. The basilica, which was begun in 1228, is built into the side of a hill and comprises two churches (known as the Upper Church and the Lower Church) and a crypt, where the remains of the saint are interred. The interior of the Upper Church is an important early example of the Gothic style in Italy. The Upper and Lower Churches are decorated with frescoes by numerous late medieval painters from the Roman and Tuscan schools, and include works by Cimabue, Giotto, Simone Martini, Pietro Lorenzetti, and pos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porziuncola
The Portiuncula () is a historic chapel in the town of Santa Maria degli Angeli, near Assisi, Italy. It is closely associated with Francis of Assisi and the Order of Friars Minor, who used the chapel as their headquarters. Following Francis's death in 1226, it became an important pilgrimage site. In the 16th century, a vast basilica, the Basilica of St Mary of the Angels, was built around the Portiuncula. History According to a legend, whose existence can be traced back with certainty only to 1645, the little chapel of Portiuncula was erected under Pope Liberius (352–366) by hermits from the Valley of Josaphat, who had brought relics from the grave of the Virgin Mary. The same legend says that the chapel passed into the possession of Benedict of Nursia in 516. It was known as Our Lady of the Valley of Josaphat or of the Angels – the latter title referring, according to some, to the assumption of Mary accompanied by angels; a better-founded opinion attributes the name to a le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clare Of Assisi
Chiara Offreduccio (16 July 1194 – 11 August 1253), known as Clare of Assisi (sometimes spelled ''Clara'', ''Clair'' or ''Claire''; ), is an Italians, Italian saint who was one of the first followers of Francis of Assisi. Inspired by the teachings of St. Francis, she founded the Poor Clares, Order of Poor Ladies, a Monasticism, monastic religious order for women in the Franciscan tradition. The Order of Poor Ladies was different from any other order or convent because it followed a rule of strict poverty. Clare wrote their Rule of Life, the first set of monastic guidelines known to have been written by a woman. Following her death, the order she founded was renamed in her honor as the Order of Saint Clare, commonly referred to today as the Poor Clares. Her feast day is on 11 August. Early life Clare was born in Assisi to the Offreduccio household during the Italy in the Middle Ages#High Middle Ages (11th–13th centuries), High Middle Ages, the eldest daughter of Favarone o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elias Of Cortona
Elias of Cortona ( – April 22, 1253) was a close associate of Saint Francis of Assisi and one of the earliest followers to join the newly founded Order of Friars Minor. A lay brother, he rose to positions of significant leadership within the order, serving as both vicar general and minister general. Saint Francis himself appointed Elias vicar general in 1221. Biography Early life Elias's family background is documented by Salimbene di Adam, a contemporary associate. His family name was possibly Bonusbaro or Bonibarone, with his father originating from near Bologna and his mother from Assisi. Prior to joining the Franciscan Order, Elias assisted in his family's confectionary and mattress business and taught children in Assisi to read the Psalter. According to Thomas of Eccleston, Elias later worked as a scriptor or notary in Bologna, likely pursuing additional education. Elias appears to have been among the earliest companions of Saint Francis of Assisi. The exact time and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stigmata
Stigmata (, plural of , 'mark, spot, brand'), in Roman Catholicism, Catholicism, are bodily wounds, scars and pain which appear in locations corresponding to the Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion Five Holy Wounds, wounds of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ: the hands, wrists, feet, near the heart, the head (from the crown of thorns), and back (from carrying the cross and scourging). St. Francis of Assisi is widely considered the first recorded stigmatic. For over fifty years, St. Padre Pio of Pietrelcina of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin reported stigmata which were studied by several 20th-century physicians. Stigmatics are primarily a Roman Catholic phenomenon; the Eastern Orthodox Church professes no official view on them. A high percentage (probably over 80%) of all stigmatics are women.Carroll, Michael P. (1989). ''Catholic Cults and Devotions: A Psychological Inquiry''. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 80–84. In his book ''Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rieti
Rieti (; , Sabino: ) is a town and ''comune'' in Lazio, central Italy, with a population of 47,700. It is the administrative seat of the province of Rieti and see of the diocese of Rieti, as well as the modern capital of the Sabina region. The town centre stands on a small hilltop, commanding from the southern edge the wide Rieti valley, at the bottom of the Sabine hills and of monti Reatini, including mount Terminillo. The plain was once a large lake, drained by the ancient Romans, and is now the fertile basin of the Velino River. Only the small Ripasottile and Lungo lakes remain of the larger original. History Prehistory According to the legend, Reate was founded by Rea, a divinity (that would be the origin of the town name). It was founded at the beginning of the Iron Age (9th–8th century BC). Probably in earlier times the lands around Rieti were inhabited by Umbri, then by Aborigines and later on by Sabines, who reached the lands sited in the nearby of Tevere ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chronicle Of The Twenty-Four Generals Of The Order Of Friars Minor
The ''Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor'' () is a medieval chronicle written in Latin around 1370, possibly by the Franciscan friar Arnaud de Sarrant, though Ralf Lützelschwab doubts this attribution. The work deals with the history of Franciscan Order from its foundation by Saint Francis of Assisi to Leonardo Rossi (1373–1378), the 24th Minister General if counting Francis as the first. The chronicle contains detailed accounts of various miracles and martyrs. For example, the Chronicle describes the deaths of Berard and his companions, the first Franciscan martyrs, killed in Morocco in 1221. Overall, the Chronicle was heavily used by later Franciscan historians. It is the earliest extant source for the incarceration of Roger Bacon Roger Bacon (; or ', also '' Rogerus''; ), also known by the Scholastic accolades, scholastic accolade ''Doctor Mirabilis'', was a medieval English polymath, philosopher, scientist, theologian and Francisca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
