|
Brazilian Anti-Corruption Act
The Brazilian Anti-Corruption Act (), officially Law No. 12,846 of 1 August 2013 and commonly known as the Clean Company Act (), is a Brazilian law enacted in 2013 targeting corrupt practices among legal entities doing business in Brazil. It defines civil and administrative penalties, as well as the possibility of reduction in penalties for cooperation with law enforcement under a written leniency agreement signed and agreed to between the companies and the government. The law is directed only at juridical persons which includes corporations and other institutions, but not individuals, who are covered by other laws. The Act has been invoked numerous times, resulting in leniency agreements returning billions of reals to the Brazilian Treasury, notably the agreement with Odebrecht S.A., which by itself was responsible for twelve billion reals. History The anti-corruption law is directed at legal entities () only. This includes corporations and other institutions, but not in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Congress Of Brazil
The National Congress () is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government. Unlike the state legislative assemblies and Câmara Municipal, municipal chambers, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate (Brazil), Federal Senate (the upper house) and the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil), Chamber of Deputies (the lower house). The Congress meets annually in Brasília from 2 February to 22 December, with a mid-term break taking place between 17 July and 1 August. The Senate represents the States of Brazil, 26 states and the Federal District (Brazil), Federal District. Each state and the Federal District has a representation of three senators, who are elected by popular ballot for a term of eight years. Every four years, renewal of either one third or two-thirds of the Senate (and of the delegations of the States and the Federal District) takes place. The Chamber of Deputies represents the people of each state, and its members are elected for a four-year term by a sys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attorney General Of The Union (Brazil)
The Attorney General Office (, AGU) is a cabinet-level position in the Brazilian government charged with advising the Executive Branch and representing the federal government of Brazil in legal proceedings legally known as the Union (''União''). The Attorney General is defined under the Article 131 of the Brazilian Constitution as one of the essential functions of Brazilian judicial administration, along with the roles performed by the judicial branch, the Prosecutor's office, the public defenders and private lawyers. The current Attorney General is Jorge Messias. Under the constitution, the Attorney General must be at least 35 years old. All Attorneys General within the Office must be bar members in Brazil. The Attorney General of the Union is a member of the Brazilian cabinet, holds the rank of Minister, and is also the head of the Advocacia-Geral da União (AGU), which is an essential function and branch of the federal government formed by its own Attorneys. The attorney ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caixa 2
''Caixa 2'' ( , "cash box 2") is a term used in Brazil to refer to illegal bookkeeping practices that hide financial transactions from authorities. Tax evasion ''Caixa dois'' includes methods to evade taxes by misrepresenting income. They include parallel bookkeeping, in which accounts declared to tax authorities are manipulated down in value to reduce tax burden. The difference between declared income and that actually received is said to have gone to "cashbox two". Mechanisms for manipulation include failing to invoice, or documenting different financial amounts or goods and services than in transactions that actually occurred. Hiding illegal or unpopular transactions ''Caixa dois'' practices may also be used by larger businesses or public entities to disguise the source of or the use of funds. For example, a slush fund may be used to hide payments for illegal services such as bribes to win contracts or access to privileged information to which the payee is not entitled. L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Currency
There have been nine different units of Brazilian currency in sequence over the country's history: the Portuguese and first Brazilian real (plural réis); 3 different types of cruzeiros; the cruzado; the novo cruzado; the cruzeiro real, and since 1994, the second incarnation of the Brazilian real (plural reais), with the symbol R$ and the ISO 4217, ISO code BRL. Historical currencies While Portuguese settlers used Réis coins from Portugal, Dutch Brazil, Dutch settlers occupying Northeastern Brazil used Dutch guilder, guilders. In 1645, the colony faced an economic crisis and, with a lack of financial support from the mainland and the need to pay for trops fighting Portuguese settlers, the local Dutch administration struck the first ever coins in Brazilian land, repurpusing gold coming from the Dutch Guinea. A few years later, in 1654, in an increasingly worse situation, coins were again minted to pay off debt, but this time with silver from the administrators' own coffer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delação Premiada
This glossary contains Brazilian terms related to criminal or corruption investigations, and supporting concepts from politics, the law, government, criminology, and law enforcement. This glossary is not a general or indiscriminate list of terms from Brazilian Portuguese, and is limited in scope. Because this is a specialized glossary, the first meaning(s) listed for a term will be the one(s) related to topics within the scope of this glossary, even if that is not the most common meaning in the spoken or written language for the term in a more general context. Words which present no particular issues of translation or understanding, such as ("governor"), ("investigation"), ("operation") are generally not included. Words which may appear to be obvious on the surface, but which have specialized meanings in certain contexts, are included (e.g., ': not just "prison", but also "arrest"; or ': not just "resource", but also "appeal", "appellate"). Common expressions for governmental a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)
The Public Prosecutor's Office (, lit. "Public Ministry", often abbreviated "MP") is the Brazilian body of independent public prosecutors at both the federal (') and state level (''Ministério Público Estadual''). It operates independently from the three branches of government. It was once referred to by constitutional lawyer and former president Michel Temer as a " Fourth Branch". The Constitution of 1988 divides the functions of the Public Prosecutor's Office into three different bodies: the Public Procurator's Office, the '' Public Defender's Office'' and the Public Prosecutor's Office itself, each one of them an independent body. In addition to that, the new Constitution created the Federal Court of Accounts (), which is also autonomous in its functions. There are three levels of public prosecutors, according to the jurisdiction of the courts before which they perform their duties. There are the federal prosecutors (') who bring cases before judges in lower courts; the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Person
In jurisprudence, a natural person (also physical person in some Commonwealth countries, or natural entity) is a person (in legal meaning, i.e., one who has its own legal personality) that is an individual human being, distinguished from the broader category of a legal person, which may be a private (i.e., business entity or non-governmental organization) or public (i.e., government) organization. Historically, a human being was not necessarily considered a natural person in some jurisdictions where slavery existed (subject of a property right) rather than a person. Definitions According to Maria Helena Diniz, an individual or natural person "is the human being considered as a subject of rights and obligations". Every human being is endowed with legal personality and, therefore, is a subject of law. According to Sílvio de Salvo Venosa, "legal personality is a projection of the intimate, psychic personality of each person; it is a social projection of the psychic personalit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colaboração Premiada
This glossary contains Brazilian terms related to criminal or corruption investigations, and supporting concepts from politics, the law, government, criminology, and law enforcement. This glossary is not a general or indiscriminate list of terms from Brazilian Portuguese, and is limited in scope. Because this is a specialized glossary, the first meaning(s) listed for a term will be the one(s) related to topics within the scope of this glossary, even if that is not the most common meaning in the spoken or written language for the term in a more general context. Words which present no particular issues of translation or understanding, such as ("governor"), ("investigation"), ("operation") are generally not included. Words which may appear to be obvious on the surface, but which have specialized meanings in certain contexts, are included (e.g., ': not just "prison", but also "arrest"; or ': not just "resource", but also "appeal", "appellate"). Common expressions for governmental a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plea Bargain
A plea bargain, also known as a plea agreement or plea deal, is a legal arrangement in criminal law where the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest to a charge in exchange for concessions from the prosecutor. These concessions can include a reduction in the severity of the charges, the dismissal of some charges, or a more lenient sentencing recommendation. Plea bargaining serves as a mechanism to expedite the resolution of criminal cases, allowing both the prosecution and the defense to avoid the time, expense, and uncertainty of a trial. It is a prevalent practice in the United States, where it resolves the vast majority of criminal cases, and has been adopted in various forms in other legal systems worldwide. Plea bargains can take different forms, such as ''charge bargaining'', where a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser offense, or ''sentence bargaining'', where the expected sentence is agreed upon before a guilty plea. In addition, count bargaining involves pleading gu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UTC Engenharia
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the primary time standard globally used to regulate clocks and time. It establishes a reference for the current time, forming the basis for civil time and time zones. UTC facilitates international communication, navigation, scientific research, and commerce. UTC has been widely embraced by most countries and is the effective successor to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in everyday usage and common applications. In specialised domains such as scientific research, navigation, and timekeeping, other standards such as UT1 and International Atomic Time (TAI) are also used alongside UTC. UTC is based on TAI (International Atomic Time, abbreviated from its French name, ''temps atomique international''), which is a weighted average of hundreds of atomic clocks worldwide. UTC is within about one second of mean solar time at 0° longitude, the currently used prime meridian, and is not adjusted for daylight saving time. The coordination of time and frequen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilfinger
Bilfinger SE (previously named Bilfinger Berger AG) is a German multinational company specialized in civil and industrial construction, engineering and services based in Mannheim, Germany. History Bilfinger dates back to 1880 when August Bernatz founded Bernatz Ingenieurwissenschaft as an engineering business: it became known, from 1886 as Bernatz & Grün and, from 1892, as Grün & Bilfinger when Paul Bilfinger replaced Bernatz as partner. During the Second World War, Grün & Bilfinger employed Jewish slave laborers from the Kovno Ghetto in occupied Lithuania where it was known for its brutal harassment of the Jewish slaves. In 1970, Grün & Bilfinger acquired a majority stake in Julius Berger-Bauboag AG, itself a merger of two companies, Julius Berger Tiefbau AG and Berlinische Boden-Gesellschaft AG, both founded in 1890. The combined business, fully integrated in 1975, finally took the name Bilfinger & Berger Bauaktiengesellschaft. In 1994 the acquisition of Razel Compan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MullenLowe And FCB Brasil
MullenLowe U.S. is an advertising and marketing communications agency, a part of MullenLowe Global, formerly MullenLowe Group, owned by multinational advertising network Interpublic Group of Companies (IPG). It is headquartered in Boston with offices in Los Angeles and New York City. The agency provides creative, public relations, strategy, social, design, behavioral sciences, digital experience, and production services. Lee Newman is MullenLowe U.S.'s CEO. History MullenLowe U.S., originally known as Mullen Advertising, was founded in 1970 in Wenham, Massachusetts by Jim Mullen, a biophysicist and racing sailor. Three years later, the company hired Paul Silverman as its original creative director. Other early employees included then-Chief Operating Officer Joe Grimaldi, who would go on to become Chairman of MullenLowe U.S., and the agency's fourth partner and executive creative director Edward Boches. In April 1999, Mullen Advertising, by then the largest independent agency ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
