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Bracovirus
''Bracovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family '' Polydnaviridae''. Bracoviruses are an ancient symbiotic virus contained in parasitic braconid wasps that evolved off of the '' nudivirus'' about 190 million years ago and has been evolving at least 100 million years. It is one of two genera belonging to the '' Polydnaviridae'' family, '' Ichnovirus'' being the other genus. There are 32 species in this genus. Symbiosis Parasitoid wasps in the subfamilies Microgastrinae, Miracinae, Cheloninae, Cardiochilinae, Khoikhoiinae, and Mendesellinae are the natural hosts for ''Bracoviruses'', though the virus does not cause disease in these wasps. Instead, the wasps are themselves parasites of lepidoptera. The wasp injects one or more eggs into its lepidoptera host along with a quantity of virus. The virus does not replicate inside the wasp's host, but expression of viral genes prevents its immune system from killing the wasp's egg and causes other physiological alterations that u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polydnaviridae
A polydnavirus (PDV) is a member of the family ''Polydnaviridae'' of insect viruses. There are two genera in the family: ''Bracovirus'' and '' Ichnovirus''. Polydnaviruses form a symbiotic relationship with parasitoid wasps; ( ichnoviruses (IV) occur in ichneumonid wasps and bracoviruses (BV) in braconid wasps). The larvae of wasps in both of those groups are themselves parasitic on Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), and the polydnaviruses are important in circumventing the immune response of their parasitized hosts. Little or no sequence homology exists between BV and IV, suggesting that the two genera have been evolving independently for a long time. Taxonomy The genus contains the following genera: * ''Bracovirus'' * '' Ichnovirus'' Structure Viruses in ''Polydnaviridae'' are enveloped, with prolate ellipsoid and cylindrical geometries. Genomes are circular and segmented, composed of multiple segments of double-stranded, superhelical DNA packaged in capsid proteins. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braconid Wasps
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. Classification The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera, which include '' Aerophilus'', ''Aleiodes'', ''Apanteles'', '' Asobara'', ''Bracon'', '' Cenocoelius'', '' Chaenusa'', '' Chorebus'', ''Cotesia'', '' Dacnusa'', ''Diachasma'', ''Microgaster'', '' Opius'', '' Parapanteles'', '' Phaenocarpa'', '' Spathius'', and '' Syntretus.'' These fall into two major groups, informally called the cyclostomes and noncyclostomes. In cyclostome braconids, the labrum and the lower part of the clypeus are concave with respect to the upper clypeus and the dorsal margin of the mandibles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotesia Congregata
''Cotesia congregata'' is a parasitoid wasp of the genus ''Cotesia''. The genus is particularly noted for its use of polydnaviruses. Parasitoids are distinct from true parasites in that a parasitoid will ultimately kill its host or otherwise sterilize it. Life cycle Adult wasps lay their eggs in tobacco hornworm (''Manduca sexta'') larvae in their 2nd or 3rd instar (each instar is a stage between moltings, i.e. the second instar is the life stage after the first molt and before the second molting) and at the same time injects symbiotic viruses into the hemocoel of the host along with some venom. The viruses knock down the internal defensive responses of the hornworm. The eggs hatch in the host hemocoel within two to three days and simultaneously release special cells from the egg's serosa. These special cells, called teratocytes, grow to become giant cells visible to the naked eye. The teratocytes secrete hormones which work in tandem with the virus and the wasp venom to arrest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic rank, superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described species of living organisms. It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. The Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the four most wikt:speciose, speciose orders, along with the Hymenoptera, fly, Diptera, and beetle, Coleoptera. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of scale (anatomy), scales that cover the torso, bodies, wings, and a proboscis. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Inanitus Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * ''Chelonus abditus'' * ''Chelonus abductor'' * ''Chelonus aberrans'' * ''Chelonus abnormalis'' * ''Chelonus absonus'' * ''Chelonus abstrusus'' * ''Chelonus aciculatus'' * ''Chelonus aculeatus'' * ''Chelonus acuminatus'' * ''Chelonus acutigaster'' * ''Chelonus acutiusculus'' * ''Chelonus acutulus'' * ''Chelonus adjunctus'' * ''Chelonus aelleniae'' * '' Chelonus agathis'' * ''Chelonus agilis'' * ''Chelonus ahngeri'' * ''Chelonus akmolensis'' * ''Chelonus alaicus'' * '' Chelonus albicinctus'' * '' Chelonus albofasciatus'' * '' Chelonus albomacula'' * '' Chelonus albor'' * '' Chelonus alexeevi'' * '' Chelonus algiricus'' * '' Chelonus aligarhensis'' * '' Chelonus alius'' * '' Chelonus alpinus'' * '' Chelonus alter'' * ''Chelonus alternator'' * ''Chelonus alticinctus'' * ''Chelonus alti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardiochiles Nigriceps Bracovirus
''Cardiochiles'' is a genus of insects belonging to the family Braconidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species: * ''Cardiochiles aethiops'' (Cresson, 1873) * ''Cardiochiles alboannulatus ''Cardiochiles'' is a genus of insects belonging to the family Braconidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species: * ''Cardiochiles aethiops ''Cardiochiles'' is a genus of insects belonging to the family Braconidae. The g ...'' Telenga, 1955 References {{Taxonbar, from=Q14510283 Braconidae Braconidae genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Altitudinis Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * ''Chelonus abditus'' * ''Chelonus abductor'' * ''Chelonus aberrans'' * ''Chelonus abnormalis'' * ''Chelonus absonus'' * ''Chelonus abstrusus'' * ''Chelonus aciculatus'' * ''Chelonus aculeatus'' * ''Chelonus acuminatus'' * ''Chelonus acutigaster'' * ''Chelonus acutiusculus'' * ''Chelonus acutulus'' * ''Chelonus adjunctus'' * ''Chelonus aelleniae'' * '' Chelonus agathis'' * ''Chelonus agilis'' * ''Chelonus ahngeri'' * ''Chelonus akmolensis'' * ''Chelonus alaicus'' * '' Chelonus albicinctus'' * '' Chelonus albofasciatus'' * '' Chelonus albomacula'' * '' Chelonus albor'' * '' Chelonus alexeevi'' * '' Chelonus algiricus'' * '' Chelonus aligarhensis'' * '' Chelonus alius'' * '' Chelonus alpinus'' * '' Chelonus alter'' * ''Chelonus alternator'' * ''Chelonus alticinctus'' * ''Chelonus alti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viruses
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life Cell may also refer to: Locations * Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ... of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is ofte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Insularis Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * ''Chelonus abditus'' * ''Chelonus abductor'' * ''Chelonus aberrans'' * ''Chelonus abnormalis'' * ''Chelonus absonus'' * ''Chelonus abstrusus'' * ''Chelonus aciculatus'' * ''Chelonus aculeatus'' * ''Chelonus acuminatus'' * ''Chelonus acutigaster'' * ''Chelonus acutiusculus'' * ''Chelonus acutulus'' * ''Chelonus adjunctus'' * ''Chelonus aelleniae'' * ''Chelonus agathis'' * ''Chelonus agilis'' * ''Chelonus ahngeri'' * ''Chelonus akmolensis'' * ''Chelonus alaicus'' * '' Chelonus albicinctus'' * '' Chelonus albofasciatus'' * ''Chelonus albomacula'' * ''Chelonus albor'' * ''Chelonus alexeevi'' * ''Chelonus algiricus'' * ''Chelonus aligarhensis'' * ''Chelonus alius'' * ''Chelonus alpinus'' * '' Chelonus alter'' * ''Chelonus alternator'' * ''Chelonus alticinctus'' * ''Chelonus altilis'' * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Texanus Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * ''Chelonus abditus'' * ''Chelonus abductor'' * ''Chelonus aberrans'' * ''Chelonus abnormalis'' * ''Chelonus absonus'' * ''Chelonus abstrusus'' * ''Chelonus aciculatus'' * ''Chelonus aculeatus'' * ''Chelonus acuminatus'' * ''Chelonus acutigaster'' * ''Chelonus acutiusculus'' * ''Chelonus acutulus'' * ''Chelonus adjunctus'' * ''Chelonus aelleniae'' * ''Chelonus agathis'' * ''Chelonus agilis'' * ''Chelonus ahngeri'' * ''Chelonus akmolensis'' * ''Chelonus alaicus'' * ''Chelonus albicinctus'' * ''Chelonus albofasciatus'' * ''Chelonus albomacula'' * ''Chelonus albor'' * ''Chelonus alexeevi'' * ''Chelonus algiricus'' * ''Chelonus aligarhensis'' * ''Chelonus alius'' * ''Chelonus alpinus'' * '' Chelonus alter'' * ''Chelonus alternator'' * ''Chelonus alticinctus'' * ''Chelonus altilis'' * '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
