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Brachyspira Suanatina
''Brachyspira'' is a genus of bacteria classified within the phylum Spirochaetota.See the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Data extracted from See the NCBIbr>webpage on SpirochaetesData extracted from ''Brachyspira species'' include pathogens in pigs, birds, dogs, and humans. '' B. pilosicoli'' colonizes millions of humans worldwide, leading to human intestinal spirochaetosis, a chronic, intermittent watery diarrhea vastly underdiagnosed because of the lack of a simple diagnostic tool for clinicians. Multiplex qPCRs are promising diagnostic tools, as Brachyspira do not grow on conventional media. '' B. pilosicoli'' also cause avian spirochetosis: birds might be considered as the natural reservoir. '' B. hyodysenteriae'' leads to diarrheal disease in growing pigs worldwide, causing the so-called swine dysentery, typhlocolitis or porcine intestinal spirochaetosis, which contributes to major "production losses" in agrobusiness. Some species like ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brachyspira Aalborgi
''Brachyspira aalborgi'' is a species of bacteria, one of the causative agents of intestinal spirochetosis. Its cells are anaerobic, sigmoidal with tapered ends, 2 to 6 μm long. Four flagella A flagellum (; : flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hair-like appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores ( zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many pr ... are inserted at each end of the cells. The maximal cell width is about 0.2 μm. The type strain is 513A (NCTC 11492). References Further reading * * External linksLSPN Bacterio.net* Spirochaetes Bacteria described in 1982 {{Spirochaetae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saccharomyces Boulardii
''Saccharomyces boulardii'' is a tropical yeast first isolated from lychee and mangosteen peels in 1923 by French scientist Henri Boulard. Although early reports claimed distinct taxonomic, metabolic, and genetic properties, ''S. boulardii'' is a grouping of '' S. cerevisiae'' strains, all sharing a >99% genomic relatedness. This has given rise to the synonym ''S. cerevisiae'' var. ''boulardii''. ote on source: The authors assign strain names based on the supplier of the probiotic. Of these suppliers, Biocodex and EDRL both claim to use the CNCM I-745 strain on their website./ref> ''S. boulardii'' is sometimes used as a probiotic with the purpose of introducing beneficial microbes into the large and small intestines and conferring protection against pathogens. It grows at 37 °C (98.6 °F). In addition, the popular genome-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 was proven to be effective in ''S. boulardii''. Boulard first isolated this yeast after he observed natives of Southeast A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
In microbiology, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical, usually a drug, which prevents visible ''in vitro'' cell growth, growth of bacteria or Fungus, fungi. MIC testing is performed in both diagnostic and drug discovery laboratories. The MIC is determined by preparing a Serial dilution, dilution series of the chemical, adding agar dilution, agar or broth microdilution, broth, then inoculating with bacteria or fungi, and incubating at a suitable temperature. The value obtained is largely dependent on the susceptibility of the microorganism and the antimicrobial potency of the chemical, but other variables can affect results too. The MIC is often expressed in micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) or milligrams per liter (mg/L). In diagnostic labs, MIC test results are used to grade the susceptibility of microbes. These grades are assigned based on agreed upon values called breakpoints. Breakpoints are published by standards organizati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from antimicrobials, which are drugs used to treat infections. This resistance affects all classes of microbes, including bacteria (antibiotic resistance), viruses (antiviral resistance), Parasitic disease, parasites (antiparasitic resistance), and fungi (antifungal resistance). Together, these adaptations fall under the AMR umbrella, posing significant challenges to healthcare worldwide. Misuse and improper management of antimicrobials are primary drivers of this resistance, though it can also occur naturally through genetic mutations and the spread of resistant genes. Antibiotic resistance, a significant AMR subset, enables bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment, complicating infection management and treatment options. Resistance arises through spontaneous mutation, horizontal gene transfer, and increased selective pressure from Antibiotic misuse, antibiotic overuse, both in medicin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clinical And Laboratory Standards Institute
The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) is a volunteer-driven, membership-supported, not-for-profit, standards development organization. CLSI promotes the development and use of voluntary laboratory consensus standards and guidelines within the health care community. History In 1968, 31 clinicians and laboratory scientists representing 15 organizations convened to establish a formal consensus process for standardization. In 1977, CLSI received accreditation from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a voluntary consensus standards organization. Around the same time, CLSI became the home of the National Reference System for the Clinical Laboratory (NRSCL), a collection of reference systems intended to enhance the comparability of test results, consistent with medical practice needs. CLSI is a global association with over 1,500 member organizations and individual members, along with more than 2,000 volunteers. Until 2005, CLSI was known as the Natio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gentamicin
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections. This may include bone infections, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis among others. It is not effective for gonorrhea or chlamydia infections. It can be given intravenously, by intramuscular injection, or topically. Topical formulations may be used in burns or for infections of the outside of the eye. It is often only used for two days until bacterial cultures determine what specific antibiotics the infection is sensitive to. The dose required should be monitored by blood testing. Gentamicin can cause inner ear problems and kidney problems. The inner ear problems can include problems with balance and hearing loss. These problems may be permanent. If used during pregnancy, it can cause harm to the developing fetus. However, it appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding. Gentamicin is a type of amin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar). The term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains amino sugar substructures. Aminoglycoside antibiotics display bactericidal activity against Gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen but generally not against Gram-positive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria.ME Levison, MD, 2012, Aminoglycosides, The Merck Manua accessed 22 February 2014. Streptomycin is the first-in-class aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is derived from ''Streptomyces griseus'' and is the earliest modern agent used against tuberculosis. Streptomycin lacks the common 2-deoxystreptamine moiety (image right, below) present in most other members of this class. Other examples of aminoglycosides include the deoxystreptamine-containin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valnemulin
Valnemulin, sold under the brand name Econor among others, is a pleuromutilin antibiotic used to treat swine dysentery, ileitis, colitis, and pneumonia. It is also used for the prevention of intestinal infections of swine. Valnemulin has been observed to induce a rapid reduction of clinical symptoms of ''Mycoplasma ''Mycoplasma'' is a genus of bacteria that, like the other members of the class ''Mollicutes'', lack a cell wall, and its peptidoglycan, around their cell membrane. The absence of peptidoglycan makes them naturally resistant to antibiotics ... bovis'' infection, and eliminate ''M. bovis'' from the lungs of calves. References Pleuromutilin antibiotics Secondary alcohols Ketones Thioethers Carboxamides Carboxylate esters Veterinary drugs Vinyl compounds {{antibiotic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiamulin
Tiamulin (previously thiamutilin) is a pleuromutilin antibiotic drug that is used in veterinary medicine particularly for pigs and poultry. Tiamulin is a diterpene Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary ... antimicrobial with a pleuromutilin chemical structure similar to that of valnemulin. References Pleuromutilin antibiotics Secondary alcohols Cyclic ketones Carboxylate esters Thioethers Cyclopentanes Diethylamino compounds Vinyl compounds {{antibiotic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbadox
Carbadox is a veterinary drug that combats infection in swine, particularly swine dysentery. Indications Carbadox is indicated for control of swine dysentery (vibrionic dysentery, bloody scours, or hemorrhagic dysentery); control of bacterial swine enteritis (salmonellosis or necrotic enteritis caused by ''Salmonella enterica''); aid in the prevention of migration and establishment of large roundworm (''Ascaris suum'') infections; aid in the prevention of establishment of nodular worm ('' Oesophagostomum'') infections. Safety In animal models, carbadox has been shown to be carcinogenic and to induce birth defects. The Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine has questioned the safety in light of its possible carcinogenicity. Regulation Carbadox is approved in the United States only for use in swine and may not be used within 42 days of slaughter or used in pregnant animals. In 2016, the United States Food and Drug Administration moved to ban its use in por ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinoxaline
A quinoxaline, also called a benzopyrazine, in organic chemistry, is a heterocyclic compound containing a ring complex made up of a benzene ring and a pyrazine ring. It is isomeric with other naphthyridines including quinazoline, phthalazine and cinnoline. It is a colorless oil that melts just above room temperature. Although quinoxaline itself is mainly of academic interest, quinoxaline derivatives are used as dyes, pharmaceuticals (such as varenicline), and antibiotics such as olaquindox, carbadox, echinomycin, levomycin and actinoleutin. Synthesis They can be formed by condensation reaction, condensing ''ortho''-amine, diamines with 1,2-ketone, diketones. The parent substance of the group, quinoxaline, results when glyoxal is condensed with o-Phenylenediamine, 1,2-diaminobenzene. Substituted derivatives arise when α-ketonic acids, α-chlorketones, α-aldehyde Alcohol (chemistry), alcohols and α-ketone alcohols are used in place of diketones. Quinoxaline and its analogues may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salinomycin
Salinomycin is an antibacterial and coccidiostat ionophore therapeutic drug. Antibacterial activity Salinomycin and its derivatives exhibit high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including the most problematic bacteria strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', and ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''. Salinomycin is inactive against fungi such as Candida (fungus), ''Candida'' and Gram-negative bacteria. Cancer research Pre-clinical Salinomycin has been shown by Piyush Gupta et al. of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Broad Institute to kill breast cancer stem cells in mice at least 100 times more effectively than the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The study screened 16,000 different chemical compounds and found that only a small subset, including salinomycin and etoposide, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
