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Boutros Al-Boustani
Butrus al-Bustani (, ; 1819–1883) was a Lebanese writer and scholar. He was a major figure in the Nahda, the Arab renaissance which began in Ottoman Egypt and had spread to all Arab-populated regions of the Ottoman Empire by the end of the 19th-century. He is considered to have been the first Syrian nationalist, due to his publication of ''Nafir Suriyya'' which began following the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. He founded the secular Arabic-language ''al-madrasa al-wataniyya'' (the National School) in 1863 in Beirut. In 1870, he founded '' Al-Jinan'', the first important example of the kind of literary and scientific periodicals which began to appear in the 1870s in Arabic alongside the independent political newspapers. Life Al-Bustani was born to a Maronite Christian family in the village of Dibbiye in the Chouf region of Lebanon, his family traced its roots to the district of Gable, in present-day Syria. In January 1819. He received primary education in the village schoo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dibbiye
Dibbiyeh or Debbiyeh () is a Lebanese village in the Iqlim al-Kharrub part of the Chouf district mountains, located roughly 30 kilometers south of Beirut, Lebanon. It is considered to be a midway point between the capital and the rest of Mount Lebanon. Debbiyeh is bordered by the towns of Saadiyat and Dahr-el-Mghara to the east and south and the town of Bourjein to the west and north. The town is one of the largest municipalities in Lebanon by surface size. Fairuz, a popular Lebanese singer, recounted spending summers in Dibbiyeh with her grandmother as a child. Etymology The town's name is derived from "Ze'biyeh", which in Aramaic means "the place of wolves". It is believed that it used to be home to a large number of grey wolves in the past. Churches The town contains four Maronite Catholic The Maronite Church (; ) is an Eastern Catholic ''sui iuris'' particular church in full communion with the pope and the worldwide Catholic Church, with self-governance under t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghosta, Lebanon
Ghosta () is a municipality in the Keserwan District of the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Lebanon. It is located 36 kilometers north of Beirut. Ghosta's average elevation is 950 meters above sea level and its total land area is 461 hectares. Its inhabitants are predominantly Maronite Catholics. History Ottoman tax records indicate Ghosta had 11 Christian households in 1523, 12 Christian households and one bachelor in 1530, and 15 Christian households and one bachelor in 1543. The qass Jirjis Khayr Allah Istifān founded in 1660 the monastery of 'Ayn Warqa with the support of the Khazen sheiks. The monastery was transformed in a college according to the model of the Maronite College in Rome in the late eighteenth century. In 1838, Eli Smith noted ''Ghusta'' as a village located in ''Aklim el-Kesrawan, Northeast of Beirut; the chief seat of the Maronites''. Ghosta has three schools, two private and one public, with a total of 772 students as of 2008. As of 2008, there were ele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cornelius Van Allen Van Dyck
Cornelius Van Alen Van Dyck, M.D. (August 13, 1818 – November 13, 1895) was an American missionary physician, teacher and translator of the Protestant Bible into Arabic."Part I: Jefferson Medical College 1835 to 1845 (pp. 27–54)" (1992). Thomas Jefferson University – A chronological history and alumni directory, 1824–1990, edited by Frederick B. Wagner, Jr., MD, and J. Woodrow Savacool, MD, 1992. Paper 15 Life Cornelius Van Alan Van Dyck was born at and educated at |
Translation Project
A translation project is a project that deals with the activity of translating. From a technical point of view, a translation project is closely related to the project management of the translation process. But, from an intercultural point of view, a translation project is much more complex; this becomes evident, for instance, when considering Bible translation or other literary translation projects. Translation scholars such as Antoine Berman defend the views that every translator shall develop their own translation project, adhere to it and, later, develop translation criticism. Every translator can only be faithful to their own translation project. PMP researcher Mandy Sha argue that for survey translation where a team approach is recommended, project managers and researchers who do not speak the language of the translation still have a key role in improving the translation because they know the study objectives well and the intent behind the questions. See also *Cultura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yale University
Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. Yale was established as the Collegiate School in 1701 by Congregationalism in the United States, Congregationalist clergy of the Connecticut Colony. Originally restricted to instructing ministers in theology and sacred languages, the school's curriculum expanded, incorporating humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century, the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Doctor of Philosophy, PhD in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale's faculty and student populations grew rapidly after 1890 due to the expansion of the physical campus and its scientif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eli Smith
Eli Smith (September 13, 1801 – January 11, 1857) was an American Protestant missionary and scholar. Biography Smith was born in Northford, Connecticut, to Eli and Polly (née Whitney) Smith. He graduated from Yale College in 1821 and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1826. He worked in Malta until 1829, then in company with H. G. O. Dwight traveled through Armenia and Georgia to Persia. They published their observations, ''Missionary Researches in Armenia'', in 1833 in two volumes. Smith settled in Beirut in 1833. Along with Edward Robinson, he made two trips to the Holy Land in 1838 and 1852, acting as an interpreter for Robinson in his quest to identify and record biblical place names in Palestine, which was subsequently published in Robinson's ''Biblical Researches in Palestine''. He is known for bringing the first printing press with Arabic type to Syria. He went on to pursue the task which he considered to be his life's work: translation of the Bible into Arabic. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasif Al-Yaziji
Nāṣīf bin ʻAbd Allāh bin Nāṣīf bin Janbulāṭ bin Saʻd al-Yāzijī (; March 25, 1800 – February 8, 1871) was an author at the times of the Ottoman Empire and father of Ibrahim al-Yaziji. He was one of the leading figures in the Nahda movement. Like several figures of the Nahda, Nasif al-Yaziji migrated from a Mount Lebanon ravaged by discord and revolt, to Beirut at a time when the city was undergoing rapid development and establishing itself as a centre of academia and journalism. Life A Greek Catholic, born in Kfarshima to a prominent family originally from Homs (modern Syria). He began his career as a private secretary (mudabbir) – a common way for Christians to attain social mobility under the restrictive iqta' system by which Mount Lebanon, which he described as "a country of tribes", was governed. First employed by Prince Haydar al-Shihabi,Moosa, 1997, p124/ref> he went on to work for Bashir Shihab II. When Yaziji moved to Beirut in 1840, he became an Arabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bible
The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to Christianity and Judaism, and esteemed in other Abrahamic religions such as Islam. The Bible is an anthology (a compilation of texts of a variety of forms) originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek. The texts include instructions, stories, poetry, prophecies, and other genres. The collection of materials accepted as part of the Bible by a particular religious tradition or community is called a biblical canon. Believers generally consider it to be a product of divine inspiration, but the way they understand what that means and interpret the text varies. The religious texts were compiled by different religious communities into various official collections. The earliest contained the first five books of the Bible, called the Torah in Hebrew and the Pentateuch (meaning 'five books') in Greek. The second-oldest part was a collection of narrative histories and prophecies (the Nevi'im). The third co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arithmetic
Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that deals with numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and taking logarithms. Arithmetic systems can be distinguished based on the type of numbers they operate on. Integer arithmetic is about calculations with positive and negative integers. Rational number arithmetic involves operations on fractions of integers. Real number arithmetic is about calculations with real numbers, which include both rational and irrational numbers. Another distinction is based on the numeral system employed to perform calculations. Decimal arithmetic is the most common. It uses the basic numerals from 0 to 9 and their combinations to express numbers. Binary arithmetic, by contrast, is used by most computers and represents numbers as combinations of the basic numerals 0 and 1. Computer arithmetic deals with the specificities of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Grammar
Arabic grammar () is the grammar of the Arabic language. Arabic is a Semitic languages, Semitic language and its grammar has many similarities with the Semitic languages#Grammar, grammar of other Semitic languages. Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic have largely the same grammar; colloquial spoken varieties of Arabic can vary in different ways. The largest differences between classical and colloquial Arabic are the loss of morpheme, morphological markings of grammatical case; changes in word order, an overall shift towards a more analytic language, analytic morphosyntax, the loss of the previous system of grammatical mood, along with the evolution of a new system; the loss of the inflected passive voice, except in a few relict varieties; restriction in the use of the Dual (grammatical number), dual number and (for most varieties) the loss of the feminine plural. Many Arabic dialects, Maghrebi Arabic in particular, also have significant vowel shifts and unusual consonant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protestantism In Lebanon
Lebanese Protestant Christians () refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of Protestantism in Lebanon. They are a Christian minority in the country. In 2020, studies showed that while 34.28% of the population followed Christianity; in total 1.2% of Lebanon's population were Protestant (approximately 48,000 people). Most Protestants in Lebanon were converted by missionaries, primarily English and American, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They are divided into a number of denominations, including Presbyterian, Congregational, and Anglican. They are perceived by some to number disproportionately highly among the professional middle class. The Lebanese Protestant Christians live primarily in Beirut (Greater Beirut). Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the Protestant community in Lebanon has one reserved seat in the Parliament of Lebanon. (see Politics of Lebanon# ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protestant
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice. The five solae, five ''solae'' summarize the basic theological beliefs of mainstream Protestantism. Protestants follow the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began in the 16th century with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church from perceived Criticism of the Catholic Church, errors, abuses, and discrepancies. The Reformation began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1517, when Martin Luther published his ''Ninety-five Theses'' as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which purported to offer the remission of the Purgatory, temporal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
