|
Bourgeoisie Of Geneva
The inhabitants of the seigneurie and the Republic of Geneva were divided into four orders of people:Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Collection complète des œuvres de J.J. Rousseau : Œuvres mêlées, 1776, p. 451 the Citoyens, the Bourgeois, the Habitants, and the Natifs. The Citoyens and the Bourgeois formed the Swiss bourgeoisie, bourgeoisie and, thus the Patrician (post-Roman Europe), patrician class of the Republic. Status *The Citoyens (citizens) were offspring of bourgeois and born in the city. Only their males could reach the status of magistrate. *The Bourgeois were offspring of bourgeois or citizens who were born in a foreign country, or foreigners who had acquired the right of the bourgeoisie from the Magistrate. To gain access to the bourgeoisie, they had to buy it. In addition to the sum of money, it was customary to pay for a "seillot" and often a firearm. The bourgeoisie acquired services for free or at a reduced price. The bourgeois could be on the General Council and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anspach Family
The Anspach family is a Belgian noble family, established in Brussels at the beginning of the 19th century. It comes from the Republic of Geneva, from which they acquired the bourgeoisie in 1779. Before that, they originated from Schwabenheim (Swabia, Baden-Württemberg).Madame Dolez, "Les Anspach d'Est en Ouest", in : ''Le Parchemin'', n° 240, 1985, p. 375. (Published by the Genealogical and Heraldic Office of Belgium) Members * Johann Wilhelm Anspach (c.1640-c. 1726), burgomaster of Schwabenheim an der Selz. * Isaac Salomon Anspach, Protestant pastor. * Dorothée (Dorine) Anspach, reader and governess of Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, born in Geneva on 23 July 1777 and died in Gotha in 1835, married Baron Édouard von Seebach, chamberlain of Prince of Altenburg, born in 1749 and died in Gotha in 1850 at the age of 101. Dorothée (Dorine) Anspach was ennobled by the Prince of Altenburg on 22 June 1814. She translated several books from German into Fren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guilds Of Brussels
The Guilds of Brussels (; ), grouped in the Nine Nations of Brussels (; ), were associations of craft guilds that dominated the economic life of Brussels in the late medieval and early modern periods. From 1421 onwards, they were represented in the city government alongside the patrician lineages of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels,David M. Nicholas, ''The Later Medieval City: 1300–1500'' (Routledge, 2014), p. 139. later also in the States of Brabant as members of the Third Estate. As of 1421, they were also able to become members of the Drapery Court of Brussels. Together with the Seven Noble Houses, they formed the city's bourgeoisie. Some of their guildhouses can still be seen as part of the Grand-Place/Grote Markt (Brussels' main square), a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Composition Rather than being limited to a specific trade, each of the nine "nations" grouped a number of guilds. These "nations" were:A. Graffart, "Register van het schilders-, goudslagers- en gl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seven Noble Houses Of Brussels
The Seven Noble Houses of Brussels (also called the Seven Lineages or Seven Patrician Families of Brussels; ; ; ) were the seven families or "Lineage (anthropology), lineages" whose descendants formed the Patrician (post-Roman Europe), patrician class and urban aristocracy of Brussels. In the Middle Ages they formed a social class with a monopoly on the civil, military and economic leadership of the urban administration, with privileges that survived until the end of the Ancien Régime. However, as of the urban revolution of 1421, the representatives of the Guilds of Brussels also exercised similar offices. Still, the offices of Alderman, aldermen and captains of the civic militias were reserved exclusively for members of the "Lineages". The lengthy and rarely threatened supremacy of the Seven Houses of Brussels was based on a multitude of common interests they shared with the Duchy of Brabant, ducal dynasty of Brabant, as well as the successive Houses of House of Louvain, Louv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bourgeois Of Paris
A bourgeois of Paris was traditionally a member of one of the Corporation (feudal Europe), corporations or guilds that existed under the Ancien Régime. According to Article 173 of the Custom of Paris in New France, Custom of Paris, a bourgeois had to possess a Domicile (law), domicile in Paris as a Leasehold estate, tenant or Ownership, owner for at least a year and a day. This qualification was also required for public offices such as Provost of the merchants of Paris, provost of the merchants, alderman or consul, but unlike the bourgeois or citizens of other free cities, Parisians did not need letters of bourgeoisie to prove their status. A bourgeois of Paris had privileges as well as duties. While they were exempt from paying the taille, they were required to pay the city taxes, contribute to a public Charity (practice), charity, arm themselves at their own expense, and join the urban militia. Definition According to article 173 (previously 129) of the Custom of Paris in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bourgeois Of Brussels
In City of Brussels, Brussels, as in most European cities, one needed the capacity of Bourgeoisie, bourgeois (equivalent to German Burgher (title), burgher or English Burgess (title), burgess; in French ''bourgeois'' or ''citoyen'' ''de Bruxelles''; in Dutch ''poorter'' or ''borger'' ''van Brussel''; in Latin ''civis'' or ''oppidanus'' ''Bruxellensis'') to exercise Civil and political rights, political rights but also to practice a Craft, trade, which in Brussels meant to be a member of the guilds of Brussels, guilds or of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels, Seven Noble Houses. The charter of Brussels, as codified in 1570 in Articles 206 and following, provided the conditions of admission to the bourgeoisie of the city. The Bourgeois were the Patrician (post-Roman Europe), patrician class of the city. This social class was abolished by Napoleon during the History of Belgium#French control, French occupation. Capacity of bourgeois The non-bourgeois inhabitants, called "inhabita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie ( , ) are a class of business owners, merchants and wealthy people, in general, which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between the peasantry and aristocracy. They are traditionally contrasted with the proletariat by their wealth, political power, and education, as well as their access to and control of cultural, social, and financial capital. The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the political ideology of liberalism and its existence within cities, recognised as such by their urban charters (e.g., municipal charters, town privileges, German town law), so there was no bourgeoisie apart from the citizenry of the cities. Rural peasants came under a different legal system. In communist philosophy, the bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialisation and whose societal concerns are the value of private property and the preservation of capital t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of Two Hundred
The Councils of Two Hundred (; ), originally "Grand Council" (''Grosser Rat'' or ''Grand Conseil''), were the legislative authorities in four Swiss cities (Zürich, Bern, Fribourg, Basel), as well as in the independent Republic of Geneva The Canton of Geneva, officially the Republic and Canton of Geneva, is one of the Cantons of Switzerland, 26 cantons of the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation. It is composed of forty-five Municipality, municipalities, and the seat of the governme ... prior to the French Revolution. Although the council in Geneva dates to 1526, the councils were medieval in origin. They often comprised approximately 200 members (whence their name), but sometimes contained as many as 300. They were later on replaced by smaller legislatures, with again the name of "Grand Council" (''Grosser Rat'' or ''Grand Conseil''). See also * Bourgeoisie of Geneva Bibliography * Political history of Switzerland Legal history of Switzerland Politicians from the Republi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Geneva
The history of Geneva dates from before the Roman occupation in the second century BC. Now the principal French-speaking city of Switzerland, Geneva was an independent city state from the Middle Ages until the end of the 18th century. John Calvin was the Protestant leader of the city in the 16th century. Antiquity and Early Middle Ages Geneva first appears in history as an Allobrogian border town, fortified against the Celtic Helvetii tribe, which the Roman Republic took in 121 BC. In 58 BC, Caesar, Roman governor of Gaul, destroyed the Rhône bridge at Geneva and built a 19-mile earthwork from Lake Geneva to the Jura Mountains in order to block the migration of the Helvetii, who "attempted, sometimes by day, more often by night, to break through, either by joining boats together and making a number of rafts (''ratis''), or by fording the Rhône where the depth of the stream was least" (De Bello Gallico, I, 8). Then he helped establish Geneva as a Roman city (vicus and then ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turrettini (surname) (1671–1737)
* Maurice Turrettini (1878–1932)
* François Turrettini (Sinologist) (1845–1908)
{{surname, Turrettini ...
Turrettini (or Turretin) is the surname of three related Genevan theologians, a Swiss architect, and a scholar of East Asian studies: *Bénédict Turrettini (1588–1631) *François Turrettini (1623–1687) *Jean-Alphonse Turrettini Jean-Alphonse Turrettini (August 1671 – May 1737) was a theologian from the Republic of Geneva. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Saussure Family
The De Saussure family is a family from the Geneva patriciate of Huguenot origins hailing from Lorraine, France but being settled in Switzerland since 1556. An American branch was established in South Carolina in the 18th century by Henri de Saussure; among his descendants were Chancellor Henry William de Saussure and US Senator William F. De Saussure. History The family originally hails from Saulxures in the Lorraine region of France. During their service as falconers to the duke he ennobled them in 1506. Due to religious persecution for being Huguenot they emigrated to Lausanne and Geneva, where they became citizens in 1556 respectively 1636. Swiss branch In Switzerland, as well as in the Republic of Geneva, they soon became politically and socio-economically active holding a variety of public offices. Théodore de Saussure became the mayor of Geneva, his son Nicolas de Saussure, a politician. Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740 – 1799), an 18th century natura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
