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Borgia
The House of Borgia ( ; ; Spanish and ; ) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance. They were from Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia, the surname being a toponymic from the town of Borja, then in the Crown of Aragon, in Spain. The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458, and his nephew Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503. Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, incest, simony, theft, bribery, and murder (especially murder by arsenic poisoning). Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, among others. They were also patrons of the arts who contributed to the development of Renaissance art. The Borgia family stands out in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI (, , ; born Roderic Llançol i de Borja; epithet: ''Valentinus'' ("The Valencian"); – 18 August 1503) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent Borja family in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon, he was known as Roderic de Borja, and he is commonly referred to by the Italianized form as Rodrigo Borgia. He studied law at the University of Bologna. He was ordained deacon and made a cardinal in 1456 after the election of his uncle as Pope Callixtus III, and a year later he became vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church. He proceeded to serve in the Roman Curia under the next four popes, acquiring significant influence and wealth in the process. In 1492, Rodrigo was elected pope, taking the name Alexander VI. Alexander's papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World following the finds of Christop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cesare Borgia
Cesare Borgia (13 September 1475 – 12 March 1507) was a Cardinal (Catholic Church)#Cardinal_deacons, cardinal deacon and later an Italians, Italian ''condottieri, condottiero''. He was the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI of the Aragonese people, Aragonese House of Borgia and was a sibling to Lucrezia Borgia. After initially entering the Church and becoming a cardinal on his father's election to the papacy, he resigned his diaconal profession after the death of his brother in 1498. He was employed as a ''condottiero'' for King Louis XII of France around 1500, and occupied both Milan and Naples during the Italian Wars. At the same time, he carved out a state for himself in Central Italy, but he was unable to retain power for long after his father's death. His quest for political power was a major inspiration for ''The Prince'' by the renowned Florence, Florentine historian, Niccolò Machiavelli. Early life Like many aspects of Cesare Borgia's life, the date of his birth i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lucrezia Borgia
Lucrezia Borgia (18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519) was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. She was a former governor of Spoleto. Her family arranged several marriages for her that advanced their own political positions, including to Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro and Gradara, Count of Cotignola; Alfonso of Aragon, Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno; and Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples, and tradition has it that Lucrezia's brother Cesare may have had him murdered after his political value waned. Notorious tales about her family have cast Lucrezia as a '' femme fatale'', a controversial role in which she has been portrayed in many artworks, novels, and films. Early life Lucrezia Borgia was born on 18 April 1480 at Subiaco, near Rome. Her mother was Vannozza dei Cattanei, one of the mistresses of Lucrez ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francis Borgia, 4th Duke Of Gandía
Francis Borgia (; ; 28 October 1510 – 30 September 1572) was a Spanish Jesuit priest. The great-grandson of both Pope Alexander VI and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, he was Duke of Gandía and a grandee of Spain. After the death of his wife, Borgia renounced his titles and became a priest in the Society of Jesus, later serving as its third superior general. He was canonized on 20 June 1670 by Pope Clement X. Early life He was born in the Duchy of Gandía in the Kingdom of Valencia (part of Crown of Aragon), on 28 October 1510. His father was Juan Borgia, 3rd Duke of Gandía, the son of Giovanni Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia). His mother was Juana, daughter of Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Zaragoza, who, in turn, was the illegitimate son of King Ferdinand II of Aragon. His brother, Tomás de Borja y Castro, also entered the Church, becoming Bishop of Málaga, and later Archbishop of Zaragoza. As a child he was very pious and wished to become ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duke Of Camerino
Duke of Camerino is a title of nobility, originally in Papal peerage. It was created on 1503 by Apostolic authority of Pope Alexander VI and cardinal council over the ancient Marquissate of Camerino, which was part of the Dukedom of Spoleto. History Camerino was a Welf Marquissate, under the Varano family, its rulers participated in all conflicts between Ghibellines and Welfs. Meanwhile, Cesar Borgia was in Rome making his final plans for his intervention in Tuscany, in Camerino the Lord of Faenza Manfredo Astorre, fidelity at Papal authority is found floating in the Tiber, he had been strangled. On 5 June Pope Alexander VI, excommunicated Giulio Cesare Varano, ruler of Camerino, accusing him of giving help to enemies of the church. On 23 June Cesar Borgia left Rome with an army of 8000 troops. On 20 July Cesar Borgia carrying the Apostolic authority, took Camerino and Giulio Cesare Varano prisoner. On 25 July and after Alexander VI and cardinal council received notice of Cam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duke Of Gandía
Duke of Gandía (, ) is a title of Spanish nobility that was first created in 1399 by Martin of Aragon and granted to Alfonso of Aragon and Foix. It has its origin in the Manorialism, lordship of Gandía created in 1323 by James II of Aragon. Later, having no direct descendants, the title passed from the House of Barcelona to the House of Trastámara. The title was re-established in 1483 by Ferdinand II of Aragon as a favour to Pope Alexander VI, Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia for his son Pier Luigi Borgia. The dukedom then went to Pier Luigi's half-brother Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia, Giovanni Borgia. He was assassinated, and his young son inherited the title. The fourth duke was the religious figure Francesco Borgia. After the death of his wife, with whom he had a large family, he became a Jesuit. Dukes of Gandía House of Aragon *Pedro de Aragón y Anjou, Lord of Gandía (1323–1359) #Alfonso of Aragon and Foix, Lord of Gandía (1359–1399), Duke of Gandia (1399–1412) # ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Callixtus III
Pope Callixtus III (, , ; 31 December 1378 – 6 August 1458), born Alonso de Borja (), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 April 1455 to his death, in August 1458. Borgia spent his early career as a professor of law at the University of Lleida; he later served as a diplomat for the kings of Aragon. He became a tutor for King Alfonso V's illegitimate son Ferdinand. After arranging a reconciliation between Alfonso and Pope Martin V, Borgia was made Bishop of Valencia. In 1444, Pope Eugene IV named him a cardinal, and Borgia became a member of the Roman Curia. During the siege of Belgrade (1456), Callixtus initiated the custom that bells be rung at midday to remind the faithful to pray for the crusaders. The tradition of the Angelus noon bell still exists in most Catholic churches to this day. He was also responsible for the retrial of Joan of Arc that saw her vindicated. He appointed two nephews as cardinals, one of whom became Pope Alexande ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Count Of Diois
Count of Die, Diois or Dyois ( French: Comte de Die or Diois; Vivaro-Alpine Occitan: Còmte de Diá or Diés) is a title of nobility, originally in the French peerage. It has been created multiple times. It existed as an entity in the Middle Ages from at least the 10th Century, later passing to the Counts of Valentinois and the Bishop-Counts of Die (or Diois) before both were incorporated into Dauphiny proper. It was re-created in 1350 by King Philip VI of France from part of the lands and titles sold to him by Dauphin Humbert II of Viennois. At this time, Dauphiny comprised the Counties of Valentinois, Albon, Grésivaudan, Grenoble, Oisans, Briançon (or Briançonnais), Embrun, and Gap; the Barony of La Tour du Pin; and the Dauphiny of Viennois. The County of Diois was also given to Cesar Borgia, then Duke of Valentinois, by King Louis XII of France. Background The origins of the County of Diois are obscure, as sources before the 11th Century are scarce. The Counts of D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prince Of Squillace
Prince of Squillace was a noble title created in 1494, by King Alfonso II of Naples (House of Trastamara) for Gioffre Borgia on the occasion of his wedding with the king's daughter Sancha of Aragon, Sancia d'Aragona. He was also created Count of Cariati. His second wife was María de Mila y Aragón with whom he had issue. The male line became extinct after the death of the fourth title-holder, Pietro Borgia d'Aragona, the last male heir to hold this title. Squillace, in Calabria, was the site of an Italo-Norman castle. During the Norman (1130–94) and Swabian (1194–1266) periods of the kingdom of Sicily, it was the seat of a county. After the wars of 1266 and 1282, the county continued to be granted by the Angevin Kingdom of Naples, kings of Naples, while the title continued in use in Aragonese Sicily. Counts of Squillace *Everard (Eberhard), fl. 1154–55 *Alfonso (Anfusus), fl. 1176–77, died 1188 *William of Caserta, fl. 1201 :... *Federico Lancia, 1254/56–66/68 *Philip o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duke Of Valentinois
Duke of Valentinois (; ) is a title of nobility, originally in the French peerage. It is currently one of the many hereditary titles claimed by the Prince of Monaco despite its extinction in French law in 1949. Though it originally indicated administrative control of the Duchy of Valentinois, based around the city of Valence, Drôme, Valence, the duchy has since become part of France, making the title simply one of courtesy. It has been created at least four times: on August 17, 1498, for Cesare Borgia, in 1548 for Diane of Poitiers, in 1642 for Honoré II, Prince of Monaco, Prince Honoré II of Monaco, and most recently in 1715 for Jacques I, Prince of Monaco, Prince Jacques I of Monaco. Counts of Valentinois First creation King Louis XII of France, Louis XII of France and Naples created Cesare Borgia Duke of Valentinois in 1498. Both the Italianized form of this title and his previous appointment as Cardinal of Valencia led to his commonly used nickname: "Il Valentino". After ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duke Of Urbino
The Duchy of Urbino () was an independent duchy in early modern central Italy, corresponding to the northern half of the modern region of Marche. It was directly annexed by the Papal States in 1631. It was bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Republic of Florence in the west and the Papal States in the south. In 1523 the capital was moved from Urbino to Pesaro. After the short rule by Cesare Borgia in 1502–08, the dukedom went to the della Rovere papal family, who held it until 1625, when Pope Urban VIII annexed it to the Papal States as ' (later '). History The papal nomination transformed the county of Urbino, established in 1213, into a duchy governed by the House of Montefeltro. In fact, it was Pope Eugene IV, in 1443, who appointed Oddantonio da Montefeltro as the first Duke of Urbino. However, he reigned for less than a year, from 1443 to 1444, before being assassinated. His older half-brother Federico therefore took power, one of the greatest princes on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prince Of Piombino
The Lordship of Piombino (''Signoria di Piombino''), and after 1594 the Principality of Piombino (''Principato di Piombino''), was a small state on the Italian peninsula centered on the town of Piombino and including part of the island of Elba. A vassal of the Kingdom of Naples associated with the State of the Presidios and a territory of the Holy Roman Empire formed from the remnants of the Republic of Pisa, it existed from 1399 to 1805, when it was merged into the Principality of Lucca and Piombino. In 1815 it was absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. History Founding and early history of the Lordship of Piombino (1399–1445) On 19 February 1399 Gherardo Appiani ceded Pisa and the majority of its territories, which his family had owned since 1392, to the Visconti of Milan for 200,000 florins, reserving the commune of Piombino for himself and his successors; moreover, he also took possession of Populonia, Suvereto, Scarlino, Buriano, Abbey of San Pancrazio al Fango an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
