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Blechnoideae
Blechnaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Its status as a family and the number of genera included have both varied considerably. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family has 24 genera, and excludes genera placed in the separate family Onocleaceae. The family is divided into three subfamilies, including Blechnoideae s.s. Alternatively, the entire family may be treated as the subfamily Blechnoideae s.l. of a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae, and include genera others place in Onocleaceae. Description Most are ground dwelling, some are climbers, such as ''Stenochlaena''. A characteristic feature of many species is that the young opening fronds are usually tinged with red. Taxonomy The family was created by Newman in 1844. In 2014, Christenhusz and Chase submerged it as subfamily Blechnoideae within the family Aspleniaceae and included Onocleaceae in it. The PPG I classification ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blechnum
''Blechnum'', known as hard fern, is a genus of ferns in the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Two very different circumscriptions of the genus are used by different authors. In the PPG I system, based on Gasper et al. (2016), ''Blechnum'' is one of 18 genera in the subfamily Blechnoideae, and has about 30 species. Other sources use a very broadly defined ''Blechnum'' s.l., including accepting only two other genera in the subfamily. The genus then has about 250 species. In the PPG I circumscription, the genus is mostly neotropical, with a few southern African species. Description Plants in the genus ''Blechnum'' (as circumscribed in the PPG I classification) are mainly terrestrial or grow on rocks; few are epiphytes. Their rhizomes may be upright or creeping and have scales with entire margins or at most a few very small teeth. They generally form stolon In biology, a stolon ( from La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polypodiales
The Order (biology), order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including Tropics, tropical, semitropical and Temperate climate, temperate areas. Description Polypodiales are unique in bearing sporangia with a vertical Annulus (botany), annulus interrupted by the stalk and stomium. These sporangial characters were used by Johann Jakob Bernhardi to define a group of ferns he called the "Cathetogyratae"; the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group has suggested reviving this name as the informal term cathetogyrates, to replace the ambiguously circumscribed term "polypods" when referring to the Polypodiales. The sporangia are born on stalks 1–3 cells thick and are often long-stalked. (In contrast, the Hymenophyllales have a stalk composed of four rows of cells.) The sporangia do not reach maturity simultaneously. Many groups in the order lack Sorus, indusia, but when presen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Struthiopteris Spicant
''Struthiopteris spicant'', syn. ''Blechnum spicant'', is a species of fern in the family Blechnaceae, known by the common names hard-fern or deer fern. It is native to Europe, western Asia, northern Africa, and western North America. Like some other species in the family Blechnaceae, it has two types of leaves. The sterile leaves have flat, wavy-margined leaflets 5 to 8 millimeters wide, while the fertile leaves have much narrower leaflets, each with two thick rows of sori on the underside. The Latin specific epithet ''spicant'' is of uncertain origin, possibly referring to a tufted or spiky habit. ''S. spicant'' is hardy down to and evergreen, growing to . It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The species was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus as ''Osmunda spicant''. It has been placed in a wide range of genera, including ''Blechnum'' (as ''Blechnum spicant''). In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brainea
''Brainea'' is a genus of ferns in the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae, with a single species ''Brainea insignis'', according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish on the classification of pteridophytes ( lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discove ... classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is accepted in a 2016 classification of the family Blechnaceae, but other sources sink it into a very broadly defined ''Blechnum'', equivalent to the whole of the PPG I subfamily. References Blechnaceae Monotypic fern genera {{Polypodiales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blechnidium
''Blechnidium'' is a genus of ferns in the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae, with a single species ''Blechnidium melanopus'', according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish on the classification of pteridophytes ( lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discove ... classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is accepted in a 2016 classification of the family Blechnaceae, but other sources sink it into a very broadly defined ''Blechnum'', equivalent to the whole of the PPG I subfamily. References Blechnaceae Monotypic fern genera {{Polypodiales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspleniineae
Aspleniineae is a suborder of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is equivalent to the clade eupolypods II in earlier systems; it is also treated as a single very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae. The suborder generally corresponds with the order Blechnales as described by J. L. Reveal in 1993. Aspleniineae includes some important ferns, including ''Onoclea sensibilis'', the sensitive fern, which grows as a virtual weed throughout much of its temperate North American range, and ferns of the genus ''Thelypteris'', a genus that has shown remarkable speciation. It also includes one of the more common horticultural ferns, '' Matteuccia struthiopteris'', the ostrich fern. Taxonomy In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the group is treated as the suborder Aspleniinae, and divided into 11 families. Alternatively, it may be treated as a single, very broadly circumscribed family Aspleniaceae ''sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doodia
''Doodia'' is a genus of ferns in the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae, in the suborder Aspleniineae (eupolypods II). It is named after Samuel Doody (1656–1706), an English botanist. Distribution of the genus includes parts of Australia and New Zealand.C. Michael Hogan. 2009''Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor'', Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg/ref> Phylogenic studies found ''Doodia'' to be embedded within the paraphyletic ''Blechnum'' as then circumscribed. In 2011, Christenhusz ''et al.'' therefore reassigned ''Doodia'' species to ''Blechnum''. The alternative taken in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish on the classification of pteridophytes ( lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discove ... classification of 2016 (PPG I) is to split ''Blechnum'' into a number of smaller genera, including ''Doodia''. Speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Struthiopteris
''Struthiopteris'' is a genus of ferns belonging to the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae. Species In the circumscription used in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the genus contains five species. The ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' places three of these species in the genus ''Spicantopsis''. *'' Struthiopteris amabilis'' (Makino) Ching (syn. ''Blechnum amabile'' Makino) = ''Spicantopsis amabilis'' (Makino) Nakai *'' Struthiopteris castanea'' (Makino & Nemoto) Nakai (syns ''Lomaria castanea'' Makino, ''Blechnum castaneum'' Makino & Nemoto) *'' Struthiopteris fallax'' (Lange) S.Molino, Gabriel y Galán & Wasowicz *'' Struthiopteris hancockii'' (Hance) Tagawa (syn. ''Blechnum hancockii'' Hance) = ''Spicantopsis hancockii'' (Hance) Masam. *'' Struthiopteris niponica'' (Kunze) Nakai (syns ''Lomaria niponica'' Kunze, ''Blechnum niponicum'' Makino) = ''Spicantopsis niponica'' (Kunze) Nakai *''Struthiopteris spicant ''Struthio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onocleaceae
Onocleaceae is a small family of terrestrial ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family, along with Blechnaceae, may be placed in a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae as the subfamily Blechnoideae. The family may contain from one to four genera, consisting of five species largely in north temperate climes. The four genera, '' Matteuccia'', '' Onoclea'', '' Onocleopsis'' and '' Pentarhizidium'', may be included under the single genus ''Onoclea''. Description Members of the family have the following characteristics, being distinguished by having strongly dimorphic fronds, with the fertile fronds different from the sterile fronds. The rhizomes are long- to short-creeping to ascending, and sometimes stoloniferous (''Matteuccia'' and ''Onocleopsis''). The leaves are strongly dimorphic and the petioles have two vascular bundles uniting distally into a gut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish on the classification of pteridophytes ( lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. In 2016, the group published a classification for extant pteridophytes, termed "PPG I". The paper had 94 authors (26 principal and 68 additional). The classification was presented as a consensus classification supported by the community of fern taxonomists. Alternative classifications of ferns exist and are preferred by some. PPG I A first classification, PPG I, was produced in 2016, covering only extant (living) pteridophytes. The classification was rank-based, using the ranks of class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily and genus. Phylogeny The classification was based on a consensus phylogeny, shown below to the level of order. The very large order Polypodiales was divided into two subord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Groups
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomic l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |