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*</plaintext></div> <script src="/js/AdvertTop1.js"> </script> <center> </center> <br> <center> <form id="newForm" target="_top" method="post" action="/php/HTMLGet.php"> <input type="text" name="FindGo" style=" width:410; px;height:40px; font-size:14pt;"> <input type="submit" value="Find" style=" width:80 px;height:40px; font-size:14pt;"> </form> </center> <br> <font size=1> <!--[::MainTopicLength::#1500]--> <!--[::ListTopicLength::#1000]--> <!--[::ListLength::#15]--> <!--[::ListAdRepeat::#3]--> <br> <div class="list-text" id="list-text"> <!-- table-start ---><table style="width:100%"> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/B/Bitmessage.ch.html" title="Click for more on -> Bitmessage.ch"> <center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/PyBitmessage.png" title="Click for more on -> Bitmessage.ch" width="100%;" height="auto;"><center></a> <a href = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PyBitmessage.png" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none; color:#d0d0d0;">picture info</a> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Bitmessage.ch" title="Click for more on -> Bitmessage.ch"><big>Bitmessage.ch</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/B/Bitmessage.ch.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Bitmessage.ch</a></b></big></big><br> Bitmessage is a decentralized, encrypted, peer-to-peer, trustless communications protocol that can be used by one person to send encrypted messages to another person, or to multiple subscribers. Bitmessage was conceived by software developer Jonathan Warren, who based its design on the decentralized digital currency, Bitcoin. The software was released in November 2012 under the MIT license. Bitmessage gained a reputation for being out of reach of warrantless wiretapping conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA), due to the decentralized nature of the protocol, and its encryption being difficult to crack. As a result, downloads of the Bitmessage program increased fivefold during June 2013, after news broke of classified email surveillance activities conducted by the NSA. Bitmessage has also been mentioned as an experimental alternative to email by ''Popular Science'' and CNET. Some ransomware programs instruct affected users to use Bitmessage to communicate with the att ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/B/Bitmessage.ch.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/B/Bitmessage.ch.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmessage.ch" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Bitmessage.ch" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Bitmessage.ch" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Bitmessage.ch" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Bitmessage.ch" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Bitmessage.ch" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/N/National_Security_Agency.html" title="Click for more on -> National Security Agency"> <center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Berlin_2013_PRISM_Demo.jpg" title="Click for more on -> National Security Agency" width="100%;" height="auto;"><center></a> <a href = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_2013_PRISM_Demo.jpg" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none; color:#d0d0d0;">picture info</a> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=National Security Agency" title="Click for more on -> National Security Agency"><big>National Security Agency</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/N/National_Security_Agency.html" style="text-decoration:none;">National Security Agency</a></b></big></big><br> The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the Information assurance, protection of U.S. communications networks and information systems. The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are clandestine operations, clandestine. The existence of the NSA was not revealed until 1975. The NSA has roughly 32,000 employees. Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, it was officially formed as the NSA by President Harry S. Truman in 1952. Between then and the end of the Cold War, it became the largest of the U.S. ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/N/National_Security_Agency.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/N/National_Security_Agency.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=National_Security_Agency" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=National_Security_Agency" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=National_Security_Agency" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=National_Security_Agency" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=National_Security_Agency" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/P/Peer-to-peer_Software.html" title="Click for more on -> Peer-to-peer Software"> <center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/P2P_network.svg" title="Click for more on -> Peer-to-peer Software" width="100%;" height="auto;"><center></a> <a href = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:P2P_network.svg" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none; color:#d0d0d0;">picture info</a> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Peer-to-peer Software" title="Click for more on -> Peer-to-peer Software"><big>Peer-to-peer Software</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/P/Peer-to-peer_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Peer-to-peer Software</a></b></big></big><br> Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the network. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes. Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage or network bandwidth, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client–server model in which the consumption and supply of resources are divided. While P2P systems had previously been used in many application domains, the architecture was popularized by the file sharing system Napster, originally released in 1999. The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. In such social contexts, peer-to-peer as a meme refers to the egalitarian s ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/P/Peer-to-peer_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/P/Peer-to-peer_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Peer-to-peer_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Peer-to-peer_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Peer-to-peer_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Peer-to-peer_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Peer-to-peer_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/O/Open_Standards.html" title="Click for more on -> Open Standards"> <center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Data2Dome_logo.jpg" title="Click for more on -> Open Standards" width="100%;" height="auto;"><center></a> <a href = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Data2Dome_logo.jpg" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none; color:#d0d0d0;">picture info</a> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Open Standards" title="Click for more on -> Open Standards"><big>Open Standards</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/O/Open_Standards.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Open Standards</a></b></big></big><br> An open standard is a standard that is openly accessible and usable by anyone. It is also a prerequisite to use open license, non-discrimination and extensibility. Typically, anybody can participate in the development. There is no single definition, and interpretations vary with usage. The terms ''open'' and ''standard'' have a wide range of meanings associated with their usage. There are a number of definitions of open standards which emphasize different aspects of openness, including the openness of the resulting specification, the openness of the drafting process, and the ownership of rights in the standard. The term "standard" is sometimes restricted to technologies approved by formalized committees that are open to participation by all interested parties and operate on a consensus basis. The definitions of the term ''open standard'' used by academics, the European Union, and some of its member governments or parliaments such as Denmark, France, and Spain preclude open standar ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/O/Open_Standards.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/O/Open_Standards.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Standards" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Open_Standards" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Open_Standards" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Open_Standards" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Open_Standards" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Open_Standards" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/I/Internet_Privacy_Software.html" title="Click for more on -> Internet Privacy Software"> <center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/PikiWiki_Israel_32304_The_Internet_Messenger_by_Buky_Schwartz.JPG" title="Click for more on -> Internet Privacy Software" width="100%;" height="auto;"><center></a> <a href = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_32304_The_Internet_Messenger_by_Buky_Schwartz.JPG" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none; color:#d0d0d0;">picture info</a> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Internet Privacy Software" title="Click for more on -> Internet Privacy Software"><big>Internet Privacy Software</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/I/Internet_Privacy_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Internet Privacy Software</a></b></big></big><br> The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing. The origins of the Internet date back to the development of packet switching and research commissioned by the United States Department of Defense in the 1960s to enable time-sharing of computers. The primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1970s to enable resource sharing. The ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/I/Internet_Privacy_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/I/Internet_Privacy_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Privacy_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Internet_Privacy_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Internet_Privacy_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Internet_Privacy_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Internet_Privacy_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Internet_Privacy_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/E/Email_Authentication.html" title="Click for more on -> Email Authentication"> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Email Authentication" title="Click for more on -> Email Authentication"><big>Email Authentication</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/E/Email_Authentication.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Email Authentication</a></b></big></big><br> Email authentication, or validation, is a collection of techniques aimed at providing verifiable information about the origin of email messages by validating the domain ownership of any message transfer agents (MTA) who participated in transferring and possibly modifying a message. The original base of Internet email, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), has no such feature, so forged sender addresses in emails (a practice known as email spoofing) have been widely used in phishing, email spam, and various types of fraud. To combat this, many competing email authentication proposals have been developed, but only fairly recently have three been widely adopted – SPF, DKIM and DMARC. The results of such validation can be used in automated email filtering, or can assist recipients when selecting an appropriate action. This article does not cover user authentication of email submission and retrieval. Rationale In the early 1980s, when Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) was des ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/E/Email_Authentication.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/E/Email_Authentication.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_Authentication" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Email_Authentication" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Email_Authentication" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Email_Authentication" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Email_Authentication" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Email_Authentication" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/F/Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python.html" title="Click for more on -> Free Software Programmed In Python"> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Free Software Programmed In Python" title="Click for more on -> Free Software Programmed In Python"><big>Free Software Programmed In Python</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/F/Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Free Software Programmed In Python</a></b></big></big><br> Free may refer to: Concept * Freedom, having the ability to do something, without having to obey anyone/anything * Freethought, a position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism * Emancipate, to procure political rights, as for a disenfranchised group * Free will, control exercised by rational agents over their actions and decisions * Free of charge, also known as gratis. See Gratis vs libre. Computing * Free (programming), a function that releases dynamically allocated memory for reuse * Free format, a file format which can be used without restrictions * Free software, software usable and distributable with few restrictions and no payment * Freeware, a broader class of software available at no cost Mathematics * Free object ** Free abelian group ** Free algebra ** Free group ** Free module ** Free semigroup * Free variable People * Free (surname) * Free (rapper) (born 1968), or Free Marie, American rapper and media pers ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/F/Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/F/Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Free_Software_Programmed_In_Python" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/C/Cryptographic_Software.html" title="Click for more on -> Cryptographic Software"> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Cryptographic Software" title="Click for more on -> Cryptographic Software"><big>Cryptographic Software</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/C/Cryptographic_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Cryptographic Software</a></b></big></big><br> Encryption software is software that uses cryptography to prevent unauthorized access to digital information. Cryptography is used to protect digital information on computers as well as the digital information that is sent to other computers over the Internet. Classification There are many software products which provide encryption. Software encryption uses a cipher to obscure the content into ciphertext. One way to classify this type of software is the type of cipher used. Ciphers can be divided into two categories: public key ciphers (also known as asymmetric ciphers), and symmetric key ciphers. Encryption software can be based on either public key or symmetric key encryption. Another way to classify software encryption is to categorize its purpose. Using this approach, software encryption may be classified into software which encrypts " data in transit" and software which encrypts " data at rest". Data in transit generally uses public key ciphers, and data at rest generally us ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/C/Cryptographic_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/C/Cryptographic_Software.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Cryptographic_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Cryptographic_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Cryptographic_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Cryptographic_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Cryptographic_Software" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/A/Arbitrary_Code_Execution.html" title="Click for more on -> Arbitrary Code Execution"> <span><br><div><script src="/js/AdvertListPict.js"></script></div><br></span> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Arbitrary Code Execution" title="Click for more on -> Arbitrary Code Execution"><big>Arbitrary Code Execution</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/A/Arbitrary_Code_Execution.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Arbitrary Code Execution</a></b></big></big><br> In computer security, arbitrary code execution (ACE) is an attacker's ability to run any commands or code of the attacker's choice on a target machine or in a target process. An arbitrary code execution vulnerability is a security flaw in software or hardware allowing arbitrary code execution. A program that is designed to exploit such a vulnerability is called an arbitrary code execution exploit. The ability to trigger arbitrary code execution over a network (especially via a wide-area network such as the Internet) is often referred to as remote code execution (RCE). Vulnerability types There are a number of classes of vulnerability that can lead to an attacker's ability to execute arbitrary commands or code. For example: * Memory safety vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows or over-reads. * Deserialization vulnerabilities * Type confusion vulnerabilities * GNU LDD arbitrary code execution Methods Arbitrary code execution is commonly achieved through control over the ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/A/Arbitrary_Code_Execution.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/A/Arbitrary_Code_Execution.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary_Code_Execution" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Arbitrary_Code_Execution" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Arbitrary_Code_Execution" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Arbitrary_Code_Execution" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Arbitrary_Code_Execution" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Arbitrary_Code_Execution" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/I/International_Business_Times.html" title="Click for more on -> International Business Times"> <center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Logo_Intl_Business_Times.png" title="Click for more on -> International Business Times" width="100%;" height="auto;"><center></a> <a href = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Intl_Business_Times.png" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none; color:#d0d0d0;">picture info</a> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=International Business Times" title="Click for more on -> International Business Times"><big>International Business Times</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/I/International_Business_Times.html" style="text-decoration:none;">International Business Times</a></b></big></big><br> The ''International Business Times'' is an American online news publication that publishes five national editions in four languages. The publication, sometimes called ''IBTimes'' or ''IBT'', offers news, opinion and editorial commentary on business and commerce. IBT is one of the world's largest online news sources, receiving forty million unique visitors each month. Its 2013 revenues were around $21 million. As of January 2022, IBTimes editions include Australia, India, International, Singapore, U.K. and U.S. ''IBTimes'' was launched in 2005; it is owned by IBT Media, and was founded by Etienne Uzac and Johnathan Davis. Its headquarters are in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. History Founder Etienne Uzac, a native of France, came up with the idea for the global business news site while a student at the London School of Economics. He found that the strongest business newspapers had a focus on the United States and Europe and planned to provide br ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/I/International_Business_Times.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/I/International_Business_Times.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=International_Business_Times" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=International_Business_Times" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=International_Business_Times" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=International_Business_Times" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=International_Business_Times" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/R/Ransomware.html" title="Click for more on -> Ransomware"> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Ransomware" title="Click for more on -> Ransomware"><big>Ransomware</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/R/Ransomware.html" style="text-decoration:none;">Ransomware</a></b></big></big><br> Ransomware is a type of malware from cryptovirology that threatens to publish the victim's personal data or permanently block access to it unless a ransom is paid off. While some simple ransomware may lock the system without damaging any files, more advanced malware uses a technique called cryptoviral extortion. It encrypts the victim's files, making them inaccessible, and demands a ransom payment to decrypt them. In a properly implemented cryptoviral extortion attack, recovering the files without the decryption Key (cryptography), key is an Computational complexity theory#Intractability, intractable problem – and difficult to trace Digital currency, digital currencies such as paysafecard or Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency, cryptocurrencies are used for the ransoms, making tracing and prosecuting the perpetrators difficult. Ransomware attacks are typically carried out using a Trojan horse (computing), Trojan disguised as a legitimate file that the user is tricked into downloadi ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/R/Ransomware.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/R/Ransomware.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Ransomware" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Ransomware" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=Ransomware" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Ransomware" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Ransomware" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- row-start ---><tr; > <!-- data-start ---><td width="15%"><p> <a href="/html/ALL/s/C/CNET.html" title="Click for more on -> CNET"> <center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Logo_CNET_Networks.svg" title="Click for more on -> CNET" width="100%;" height="auto;"><center></a> <a href = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_CNET_Networks.svg" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none; color:#d0d0d0;">picture info</a> </p> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- data-start ---><td valign="top"; width="75%"; > <div style="margin-left:0%; margin-right:9%";> <!-- <a href="/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=CNET" title="Click for more on -> CNET"><big>CNET</big><br> </a> ---> <div style="margin-left:2%";> <big><big><b><a href="/html/ALL/s/C/CNET.html" style="text-decoration:none;">CNET</a></b></big></big><br> ''CNET'' (short for "Computer Network") is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts, and videos on technology and consumer electronics globally. ''CNET'' originally produced content for radio and television in addition to its website and now uses new media distribution methods through its Internet television network, CNET Video, and its podcast and blog networks. Founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the flagship brand of CNET Networks and became a brand of CBS Interactive through that unit's acquisition of CNET Networks in 2008. It has been owned by Red Ventures since October 30, 2020. Other than English, ''CNETs region- and language-specific editions include Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish. History Origins After leaving PepsiCo, Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie launched ''CNET'' in 1994, after website Yahoo! was launched. With help from Fox Network co-founder Kevin Wendle and fo ... <a href="/html/ALL/s/C/CNET.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> <br>[...More Info...] &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp <a href="/html/ALL/l/C/CNET.html" style="text-decoration:none;"> [...Related Items...] &nbsp &nbsp <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"><b> OR:</b> &nbsp &nbsp [Wikipedia] &nbsp </a> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=CNET" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Google] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=CNET" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Bing] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://search.yahoo.com/search?q=CNET" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Yahoo] &nbsp </a> --> <!-- <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=CNET" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [DuckDuckGo] &nbsp </a> --> <a href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=CNET" target=_blank style="text-decoration:none;"> [Baidu] &nbsp </a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href= "https://www.amazon.com/best-sellers-books-Amazon/zgbs/books?&linkCode=ll2&tag=summaryads-20&linkId=d306a27d115d3acda99952aa20527cd6&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="text-decoration:none;">[Amazon Books]</a> --> </div> <br></a></a> <br> </div> <!-- data-end ---></td> <!-- row-end ---></tr> <!-- table-end ---></table> </div> <div id="AdvertBottom1"> </div> <center> <script src="/js/AdvertBottom1.js"> </script> </center> <footer> <big><big> <div> <br><br> <br><br> <center> <br><a target="_top" href="../index.html"> HOME </a><br> <br>Content is Copyleft<br>Website design, code, and AI is Copyrighted (c) 2014-2017 by Stephen Payne<br><br> <a target="_top" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:LandingPage&country=US&uselang=en&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_source=donate&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org"> Consider donating to Wikimedia </a><br> <br> As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases <br></center> </div> </big></big> </footer> <div id="AddedByJS"> </div> <script src="/js/site.js"> </script> </body>