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Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein
Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) refers to proteins containing a biotin attachment domain that carry biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the Adenosine triphosphate, ATP-dependent carboxylation by biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein is an Acetyl CoA subunit that allows for Acetyl CoA to be catalyzed and converted to malonyl-CoA. More specifically, BCCP catalyzes the carboxylation of the carrier protein to form an intermediate. Then the carboxyl group is transferred by the transcacrboxylase to form the malonyl-CoA. This conversion is an essential step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. In the case of ''E. coli'' Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP is a separate protein known as ''accB'' (). On the other hand, in ''Haloferax mediterranei'', propionyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP ''pccA'' () is fused with biotin carboxylase. The biosynthesis of fatty acids in plants, such as Triglyceride, triacylglycerol, is vital to the plant's overall health because it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BCCP
Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) refers to proteins containing a biotin attachment domain that carry biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the ATP-dependent carboxylation by biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein is an Acetyl CoA subunit that allows for Acetyl CoA to be catalyzed and converted to malonyl-CoA. More specifically, BCCP catalyzes the carboxylation of the carrier protein to form an intermediate. Then the carboxyl group is transferred by the transcacrboxylase to form the malonyl-CoA. This conversion is an essential step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. In the case of ''E. coli'' Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP is a separate protein known as ''accB'' (). On the other hand, in ''Haloferax mediterranei'', propionyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP ''pccA'' () is fused with biotin carboxylase. The biosynthesis of fatty acids in plants, such as triacylglycerol, is vital to the plant's overall health because it allows for accumulation of seed oi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biotin Attachment Domain
Biotin/lipoyl attachment domain has a conserved lysine residue that binds biotin or lipoic acid. Biotin plays a catalytic role in some carboxyl transfer reactions and is covalently attached, via an amide bond, to a lysine residue in enzymes requiring this coenzyme. Lipoamide acyltransferases have an essential cofactor, lipoic acid, which is covalently bound via an amide linkage to a lysine group. The lipoic acid cofactor is found in a variety of proteins. Human proteins containing this domain ACACA Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 also known as ACC-alpha or ACCa is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ACACA'' gene. Function Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which ...; ACACB; DBT; DLAT; DLST; DLSTP; MCCC1; PC; PCCA; PDHX; References {{DEFAULTSORT:Biotin Attachment Domain Protein domains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biotin
Biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H) is one of the B vitamins. It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids. The name ''biotin'', borrowed from the German , derives from the Ancient Greek word (; 'life') and the suffix "-in" (a suffix used in chemistry usually to indicate 'forming'). Biotin appears as a white, needle-like crystalline solid. Chemical description Biotin is classified as a heterocyclic compound, with a sulfur-containing tetrahydrothiophene ring fused to a ureido group. A C5-carboxylic acid side chain is appended to the former ring. The ureido ring, containing the −N−CO−N− group, serves as the carbon dioxide carrier in carboxylation reactions. Biotin is a coenzyme for five carboxylase enzymes, which are involved in the catabolism of amino acids and fatty acids, synthesis of fatty acids, and gluconeogenesis. Biotinylat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cell (biology), cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in a Metabolism, metabolic process, ATP converts either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other processes regenerate ATP. It is also a Precursor (chemistry), precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme. An average adult human processes around 50 kilograms (about 100 mole (unit), moles) daily. From the perspective of biochemistry, ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate, which indicates that it consists of three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the Polyphosphate, triphosphate. Structure ATP consists of three parts: a sugar, an amine base ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme () that catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA through its two catalytic activities, biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT). ACC is a multi-subunit enzyme in most prokaryotes and in the chloroplasts of most plants and algae, whereas it is a large, multi-domain enzyme in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotes. The most important function of ACC is to provide the malonyl-CoA substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The activity of ACC can be controlled at the transcriptional level as well as by small molecule modulators and covalent modification. The human genome contains the genes for two different ACCs—'' ACACA'' and '' ACACB''. Structure Prokaryotes and plants have multi-subunit ACCs composed of several polypeptides. Biotin carboxylase (BC) activity, biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), and carboxyl transferase (CT) activity are each contained on a differ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haloferax Mediterranei
''Haloferax mediterranei'' is a species of archaea in the family Haloferacaceae. Discovery ''Haloferax mediterranei'' was discovered in 1983 in marine salterns in the village of Santa Pola, Spain. The species was initially named ''Halobacterium mediterranei'', then renamed ''Haloferax mediterranei'' in 1986. Haloferax mediterranei is the fastest-growing known member of the Halobacteriales under optimal laboratory conditions, but it is relatively rare in the environment. The full genome of ''H. mediterranei'' was sequenced in 2012. Metabolism and Growth Conditions ''Haloferax mediterranei'' is the fastest-growing archaeon in the Halobacteriales family, with generation times as low as 1.2 hours reported under optimal laboratory growth conditions. ''Haloferax mediterranei'' is able to use a variety of compounds as carbon and energy sources, and can accumulate materials to serve as a source of carbon and energy, as well as use organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. ''H. mediterrane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (, PCC) catalyses the carboxylation reaction of propionyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. PCC has been classified both as a ligase and a lyase. The enzyme is biotin-dependent. The product of the reaction is (S)-methylmalonyl CoA. : ATP + propionyl-CoA + HCO3− ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA (S)-Methylmalonyl-CoA cannot be directly utilized by animals. It is acted upon by a racemase, yielding (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is then converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (one of the few metabolic enzymes which requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor). Succinyl-CoA, a Krebs cycle intermediate, is further metabolized into fumarate, then malate, and then oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate may be transported into the cytosol to form phosphoenol pyruvate and other gluconeogenic intermediates. Propionyl-CoA is therefore an important precursor to glucose. Propionyl-CoA is the end product of odd-chain fatty acid metabolism, including most methylated f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biotin Carboxylase
In enzymology, a biotin carboxylase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction : ATP + biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein + CO2 \rightleftharpoons ADP + phosphate + carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein The three substrates of this enzyme are ATP, biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein (BCCP), and CO2, whereas its three products are ADP, phosphate, and carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein. The systematic name of this enzyme class is biotin-carboxyl-carrier-protein:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming). This enzyme is also called biotin carboxylase (component of acetyl CoA carboxylase). This ATP-grasp enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis by providing one of the catalytic functions of the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex. As previously mentioned, after the carboxybiotin product is formed, the carboxyltransferase unit of the complex will transfer the activated carboxy group from BCCP to Acetyl-CoA, forming a ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triglyceride
A triglyceride (from '' tri-'' and '' glyceride''; also TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates as well as vegetable fat. They are also present in the blood to enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver and are a major component of human skin oils. Many types of triglycerides exist. One specific classification focuses on saturated and unsaturated types. Saturated fats have ''no'' C=C groups; unsaturated fats feature one or more C=C groups. Unsaturated fats tend to have a lower melting point than saturated analogues; as a result, they are often liquid at room temperature. Chemical structure The three fatty acids substituents can be the same, but they are usually different. The positions of the three fatty acids are specified using stereospecific numbering as sn-1, sn-2, and sn- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthesis Of Malonyl-CoA
Synthesis or synthesize may refer to: Science Chemistry and biochemistry *Chemical synthesis, the execution of chemical reactions to form a more complex molecule from chemical precursors **Organic synthesis, the chemical synthesis of organic compounds ***Total synthesis, the complete organic synthesis of complex organic compounds, usually without the aid of biological processes ***Convergent synthesis or linear synthesis, a strategy to improve the efficiency of multi-step chemical syntheses **Dehydration synthesis, a chemical synthesis resulting in the loss of a water molecule *Biosynthesis, the creation of an organic compound in a living organism, usually aided by enzymes **Photosynthesis, a biochemical reaction using a carbon molecule to produce an organic molecule, using sunlight as a catalyst **Chemosynthesis, the synthesis of biological compounds into organic waste, using methane or an oxidized molecule as a catalyst **Amino acid synthesis, the synthesis of an amino acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-s2
3S may refer to: * 3S, for single, seventies/1970s, stuck, a slang form of sheng nu, a derogatory Chinese term referring to unmarried women in their mid to late twenties * 3S gondola lift * 3-S treatment, a method for dealing with unwanted or unwelcome animals in rural areas * 3S, a series of Toyota S engines * Air Antilles Express IATA airline designator * 3S Supersonic gas separation, a brand name for a gas processing technology * The ''S'' line of the Mazda3 automobile * ''Threes'' (video game) * In Geoinformatics, 3S means the combination of~ **Geographic information system **Global Positioning System **Remote sensing See also * S3 (other) S3, S-3 or S03 may refer to: Entertainment * ''Si3'' (film), originally titled ''S III'' and also known as ''Singam 3'', the third film in the ''Singam'' franchise * ''Expedition to the Barrier Peaks'', code S3, a 1980 ''Dungeons & Dragons'' adve ... * Three (other) {{Letter-NumberCombDisambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
β-hairpin
The beta hairpin (sometimes also called beta-ribbon or beta-beta unit) is a simple protein structural motif involving two beta strands that look like a hairpin. The motif consists of two strands that are adjacent in primary structure, oriented in an antiparallel direction (the N-terminus of one sheet is adjacent to the C-terminus of the next), and linked by a short loop of two to five amino acids. Beta hairpins can occur in isolation or as part of a series of hydrogen bonded strands that collectively comprise a beta sheet. Researchers such as Francisco Blanco ''et al.'' have used protein NMR to show that beta-hairpins can be formed from isolated short peptides in aqueous solution, suggesting that hairpins could form nucleation sites for protein folding. Classification Beta hairpins were originally categorized solely by the number of amino acid residues in their loop sequences, such that they were named one-residue, two-residue, etc. This system, however, is somewhat ambiguous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
