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Binary Search Trees
In computer science, a binary search tree (BST), also called an ordered or sorted binary tree, is a rooted binary tree data structure with the key of each internal node being greater than all the keys in the respective node's left subtree and less than the ones in its right subtree. The time complexity of operations on the binary search tree is directly proportional to the height of the tree. Binary search trees allow binary search for fast lookup, addition, and removal of data items. Since the nodes in a BST are laid out so that each comparison skips about half of the remaining tree, the lookup performance is proportional to that of binary logarithm. BSTs were devised in the 1960s for the problem of efficient storage of labeled data and are attributed to Conway Berners-Lee and David Wheeler. The performance of a binary search tree is dependent on the order of insertion of the nodes into the tree since arbitrary insertions may lead to degeneracy; several variations of the bin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Andrew Donald Booth
Andrew Donald Booth (11 February 1918 – 29 November 2009)Andrew Booth: scientist who invented the magnetic storage device '''', 12 January 2010. was a British electrical engineer, physicist and computer scientist, who was an early developer of the for computers. He is known for [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Self-balancing Binary Search Tree
In computer science, a self-balancing binary search tree (BST) is any node-based binary search tree that automatically keeps its height (maximal number of levels below the root) small in the face of arbitrary item insertions and deletions.Donald Knuth. ''The Art of Computer Programming'', Volume 3: ''Sorting and Searching'', Second Edition. Addison-Wesley, 1998. . Section 6.2.3: Balanced Trees, pp.458–481. These operations when designed for a self-balancing binary search tree, contain precautionary measures against boundlessly increasing tree height, so that these abstract data structures receive the attribute "self-balancing". For height-balanced binary trees, the height is defined to be logarithmic \mathcal O(\log n) in the number n of items. This is the case for many binary search trees, such as AVL trees and red–black trees. Splay trees and treaps are self-balancing but not height-balanced, as their height is not guaranteed to be logarithmic in the number of items. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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University Of Waterloo
The University of Waterloo (UWaterloo, UW, or Waterloo) is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is on of land adjacent to "Uptown" Waterloo and Waterloo Park. The university also operates three satellite campuses and four affiliated university colleges. The university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and thirteen faculty-based schools. Waterloo operates the largest post-secondary co-operative education program in the world, with over 20,000 undergraduate students enrolled in the university's co-op program. Waterloo is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada. The institution originates from the Waterloo College Associate Faculties, established on 4 April 1956; a semi-autonomous entity of Waterloo College, which was an affiliate of the University of Western Ontario. This entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the pass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Springer Publishing
Springer Publishing Company is an American publishing company of academic journals and books, focusing on the fields of nursing, gerontology, psychology, social work, counseling, public health, and rehabilitation (neuropsychology). It was established in 1951 by Bernhard Springer, a great-grandson of Julius Springer, and is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. History Springer Publishing Company was founded in 1950 by Bernhard Springer, the Berlin-born great-grandson of Julius Springer, who founded Springer-Verlag (now Springer Science+Business Media). Springer Publishing's first landmark publications included ''Livestock Health Encyclopedia'' by R. Seiden and the 1952 ''Handbook of Cardiology for Nurses''. The company's books soon branched into other fields, including medicine and psychology. Nursing publications grew rapidly in number, as Modell's ''Drugs in Current Use'', a small annual paperback, sold over 150,000 copies over several editions. Solomon Garb's '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Algorithmica
''Algorithmica'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on research and the application of computer science algorithms. The journal was established in 1986 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor in chief is Mohammad Hajiaghayi. Subject coverage includes sorting, searching, data structures, computational geometry, and linear programming, VLSI, distributed computing, parallel processing, computer aided design, robotics, graphics Graphics () are visual images or designs on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone, to inform, illustrate, or entertain. In contemporary usage, it includes a pictorial representation of data, as in design and manufacture, ..., data base design, and software tools. Springer Science+Business Media. 2013 Abstra ...
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The Computer Journal
''The Computer Journal'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering computer science and information systems. Established in 1958, it is one of the oldest computer science research journals. It is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT. The authors of the best paper in each annual volume receive the Wilkes Award from BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT. Editors-in-chief The following people have been editor-in-chief: * 1958–1969 Eric N. Mutch * 1969–1992 Peter Hammersley * 1993–2000 C. J. van Rijsbergen * 2000–2008 Fionn Murtagh * 2008–2012 Erol Gelenbe Sami Erol Gelenbe (born 22 August 1945, in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish and French computer scientist, electronic engineer and applied mathematician who pioneered the field of Computer System and Network Performance in Europe, and is activ ... * 2012–2016 Fionn Murtagh * 2016–2020 Steve Furber * 2021–present Tom Crick References External links Offi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Tree Sort
A tree sort is a sort algorithm that builds a binary search tree from the elements to be sorted, and then traverses the tree ( in-order) so that the elements come out in sorted order. Its typical use is sorting elements online: after each insertion, the set of elements seen so far is available in sorted order. Tree sort can be used as a one-time sort, but it is equivalent to quicksort as both recursively partition the elements based on a pivot, and since quicksort is in-place and has lower overhead, tree sort has few advantages over quicksort. It has better worst case complexity when a self-balancing tree is used, but even more overhead. Efficiency Adding one item to a binary search tree is on average an process (in big O notation). Adding n items is an process, making tree sorting a 'fast sort' process. Adding an item to an unbalanced binary tree requires time in the worst-case: When the tree resembles a linked list ( degenerate tree). This results in a worst case of tim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Sorting Algorithm
In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list into an order. The most frequently used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order, and either ascending or descending. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the efficiency of other algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) that require input data to be in sorted lists. Sorting is also often useful for canonicalizing data and for producing human-readable output. Formally, the output of any sorting algorithm must satisfy two conditions: # The output is in monotonic order (each element is no smaller/larger than the previous element, according to the required order). # The output is a permutation (a reordering, yet retaining all of the original elements) of the input. For optimum efficiency, the input data should be stored in a data structure which allows random access rather than one that allows only sequential access. History and concepts From the beginning of c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Priority Queues
In computer science, a priority queue is an abstract data-type similar to a regular queue or stack data structure in which each element additionally has a ''priority'' associated with it. In a priority queue, an element with high priority is served before an element with low priority. In some implementations, if two elements have the same priority, they are served according to the order in which they were enqueued; in other implementations ordering of elements with the same priority remains undefined. While coders often implement priority queues with heaps, they are conceptually distinct from heaps. A priority queue is a concept like a list or a map; just as a list can be implemented with a linked list or with an array, a priority queue can be implemented with a heap or with a variety of other methods such as an unordered array. Operations A priority queue must at least support the following operations: * ''is_empty'': check whether the queue has no elements. * ''insert_wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Lookup Table
In computer science, a lookup table (LUT) is an array that replaces runtime computation with a simpler array indexing operation. The process is termed as "direct addressing" and LUTs differ from hash tables in a way that, to retrieve a value v with key k, a hash table would store the value v in the slot h(k) where h is a hash function i.e. k is used to compute the slot, while in the case of LUT, the value v is stored in slot k, thus directly addressable. The savings in processing time can be significant, because retrieving a value from memory is often faster than carrying out an "expensive" computation or input/output operation. The tables may be precalculated and stored in static program storage, calculated (or "pre-fetched") as part of a program's initialization phase (memoization), or even stored in hardware in application-specific platforms. Lookup tables are also used extensively to validate input values by matching against a list of valid (or invalid) items in an array an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Set (abstract Data Type)
In computer science, a set is an abstract data type that can store unique values, without any particular order. It is a computer implementation of the mathematical concept of a finite set. Unlike most other collection types, rather than retrieving a specific element from a set, one typically tests a value for membership in a set. Some set data structures are designed for static or frozen sets that do not change after they are constructed. Static sets allow only query operations on their elements — such as checking whether a given value is in the set, or enumerating the values in some arbitrary order. Other variants, called dynamic or mutable sets, allow also the insertion and deletion of elements from the set. A multiset is a special kind of set in which an element can appear multiple times in the set. Type theory In type theory, sets are generally identified with their indicator function (characteristic function): accordingly, a set of values of type A may be denoted by 2^ o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Abstract Data Type
In computer science, an abstract data type (ADT) is a mathematical model for data types. An abstract data type is defined by its behavior (semantics) from the point of view of a '' user'', of the data, specifically in terms of possible values, possible operations on data of this type, and the behavior of these operations. This mathematical model contrasts with data structures, which are concrete representations of data, and are the point of view of an implementer, not a user. Formally, an ADT may be defined as a "class of objects whose logical behavior is defined by a set of values and a set of operations"; this is analogous to an algebraic structure in mathematics. What is meant by "behaviour" varies by author, with the two main types of formal specifications for behavior being ''axiomatic (algebraic) specification'' and an ''abstract model;'' these correspond to axiomatic semantics and operational semantics of an abstract machine, respectively. Some authors also include the com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |