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Biedermeier
The Biedermeier period was an era in Central European art and culture between 1815 and 1848 during which the middle classes grew in number and artists began producing works appealing to their sensibilities. The period began with the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and ended with the onset of the Revolutions of 1848. The term originated in popular literature, before spreading to architecture, interior design, and visual arts. "Biedermeier" derives from the fictional mediocre poet Gottlieb Biedermaier, who featured in the Munich magazine ''Fliegende Blätter'' (''Flying Leaves''). It is used mostly to denote the unchallenging artistic styles that flourished in the fields of literature, music, the visual arts and interior design. As is natural in cultural creative movements, ''Biedermeier'' has influenced later styles. Political background The ''Biedermeier'' period does not refer to the era as a whole, but to a particular mood and set of trends that grew out of the unique ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Empire Style
The Empire style (, ''style Empire'') is an early-nineteenth-century design movement in architecture, furniture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts, representing the second phase of Neoclassicism. It flourished between 1800 and 1815 during the Consulate and the First French Empire periods, although its life span lasted until the late-1820s. From France it spread into much of Europe and the United States. The Empire style originated in and takes its name from the rule of the Emperor Napoleon I in the First French Empire, when it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The previous fashionable style in France had been the Directoire style, a more austere and minimalist form of Neoclassicism that replaced the Louis XVI style, and the new Empire style brought a full return to ostentatious richness. The style corresponds somewhat to the '' Biedermeier style'' in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, and the Regency st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Spitzweg
Carl Spitzweg (February 5, 1808 – September 23, 1885) was a German romantic painter, especially of genre subjects. He is considered to be one of the most important artists of the Biedermeier era. Life and career Spitzweg was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second of three sons of Franziska (née Schmutzer) and Simon Spitzweg. His mother belonged to Munich's upper middle class as the daughter of a wealthy fruit wholesaler. The family's property at Neuhausergasse (today: Neuhauser Straße) 14 was a stately property that later gave Carl Spitzweg financial independence through his inheritance. Carl's father came from the village of Unterpfaffenhofen near the town of Fürstenfeldbruck in today's Fürstenfeldbruck district (in Upper Bavaria), where his family had become wealthy. Until 1807, Spitzweg's father's business base was the trade in spices in Munich. His relatives controlled thriving fruit businesses. Simon Spitzweg was an educated businessman who gained respect and reputa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Munich
Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is not a state of its own. It ranks as the 11th-largest city in the European Union. The metropolitan area has around 3 million inhabitants, and the broader Munich Metropolitan Region is home to about 6.2 million people. It is the List of EU metropolitan regions by GDP#2021 ranking of top four German metropolitan regions, third largest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union. Munich is located on the river Isar north of the Alps. It is the seat of the Upper Bavaria, Upper Bavarian administrative region. With 4,500 people per km2, Munich is Germany's most densely populated municipality. It is also the second-largest city in the Bavarian language, Bavarian dialect area after Vienna. The first record of Munich dates to 1158. The city ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annette Von Droste-Hülshoff
Baroness Anna Elisabeth Franziska Adolphine Wilhelmine Louise Maria von Droste zu Hülshoff, known as Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (; 10 January 179724 May 1848), was a 19th-century German Biedermeier poet, novelist, and composer of Classical music. Her most famous work is the novella '' Die Judenbuche''. In an article for the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Francis Joste wrote, "The fame of the poetess rests chiefly on her lyric poems, her pastorales, and her ballads. In the poetic representation of nature, few can equal her. The poetical works of Annette von Droste-Hülshoff are imperishable. What makes them so is their originality, the proof that they are the works of a genius. It is this too that gained for their author the well-earned title of 'Germany's greatest poetess. Biography Early years Annette von Droste-Hülshoff was born at the castle of Burg Hülshoff (now a part of Havixbeck) in the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. Her family, the Barons Droste zu Hülshoff, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Świdermajer
''Świdermajer'' () is a distinct Poland, Polish architectural style developed in late 19th and early 20th century in Masovia along the railroad linking Warsaw with Otwock. The style was applied almost exclusively to wooden villas of the middle classes. The buildings are located in right-bank Warsaw, Józefów and Otwock. Origins The name ''Świdermajer'' was a play on the words "Biedermeier" and "Świder", the latter being the name of both a river along which a number of villas were built and a village between Warsaw and Otwock considered the 'Świdermajer capital'. As local neologism, the word was popularized by Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński in an epigram called ''Wycieczka do Świdra''.Robert LewandowskiStrona o architekturze świdermajer.Home, Internet Archive. Developed by Michał Elwiro Andriolli, the style combined traditional elements of local wooden architecture with the Swiss style popular after the Weltausstellung 1873 Wien, world fair in Vienna of 1873 (wide roofs) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Victor Von Scheffel
Joseph Victor von Scheffel (16 February 1826 – 9 April 1886) was a German poet and novelist. His novel '' Ekkehard'' (1855) became one of the most popular German novels in the 19th century. Biography He was born at Karlsruhe. His father, a retired major in the Baden army, was a civil engineer and member of the commission for regulating the course of the Rhine; his mother, ''née'' Josephine Krederer, the daughter of a prosperous tradesman at Oberndorf am Neckar, was a woman of great intellectual powers and of a romantic disposition. Young Scheffel was educated at the lyceum at Karlsruhe and afterwards (1843–1847) at the universities of Munich, Heidelberg and Berlin. After passing the state examination for admission to the judicial service, he graduated ''Doctor juris'' and for four years (1848–1852) held an official position at the town of Säckingen. Here he wrote his epic poem ' (''The Trumpeter of Säckingen'') (1853), a romantic and humorous tale which immediately gain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gemütlichkeit
''Gemütlichkeit'' () is a German-language word used to convey the idea of a state or feeling of warmth, friendliness, and good cheer. Other qualities encompassed by the term include cosiness, peace of mind, and a sense of belonging and well-being springing from social acceptance. The adjective "gemütlich" is translated as "cosy", so "Gemütlichkeit" could be simply translated as "cosiness". History and etymology "Gemütlichkeit" derives from ''gemütlich'', the adjective of ''Gemüt'', which means "heart, mind, temper, feeling" expressed by (and cognate with) English '' mood''. The German abstract noun ''Gemütlichkeit'' has been adopted into English. The current meaning of the word derives from its use in the Biedermeier period. By the second half of the 19th century, it also became associated with a set of traits supposedly unique to the Austrian culture. The word can be used in descriptions of holidays. In the 1973 English contract law case ''Jarvis v Swans Tours Lt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Halm
Baron Eligius Franz Joseph von Münch-Bellinghausen () (2 April 180622 May 1871) was an Austrian dramatist, poet and novella writer of the Austrian Biedermeier period and beyond, and is more generally known under his pseudonym Friedrich Halm. Life and career He was the son of a district judge at Kraków in Poland, at this time part of the Austrian Empire. Early in his literary career he adopted the ''nom de plume'' of Friedrich Halm ("Halm" means a blade of grass or a blade of straw), and became one of the most popular dramatists in Vienna around the middle of the 19th century. His novellas are now regarded as more significant from a literary point of view than his dramatic writings. Münch-Bellinghausen was educated at the seminary of Melk Abbey and later at Vienna, where he studied philosophy and jurisprudence, and where he began his career in 1826. As a boy he took a keen interest in the theater, and from 1833 enjoyed the friendship of his former teacher, the Benedictine , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adolf Kussmaul
Adolf Kussmaul (; 22 February 1822 – 28 May 1902) was a German physician and a leading clinician of his time. Biography Adolf Kussmaul was born as the son and grandson of physicians in Graben near Karlsruhe and studied at Heidelberg. He entered the army after graduation and spent two years as an army surgeon. This was followed by a period as a general practitioner before he went to Würzburg to study for his doctorate under Virchow. He was subsequently Professor of Medicine at Heidelberg (1857), Erlangen (1859), Freiburg (1859) and Straßburg (1876). Beyond his medical skills he was also active in literature. He is regarded as one of the creators of the term ''Biedermeier'', an art movement. He died in Heidelberg. Eponymous terms His name continues to be used in eponyms. He described two medical signs and one disease which have eponymous names that remain in use: * Kussmaul breathing – very deep and labored breathing with normal, rapid or reduced frequency seen in sev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Eichrodt
Ludwig Eichrodt (February 2, 1827, Durlach bei Karlsruhe – February 2, 1892, Lahr) was a German poet and dramatist. Biography Ludwig Eichrodt was the son of Ludwig Friedrich Eichrodt (1798-1844), an officer, and Elisabeth (née Joos, 1809-1891) Eichrodt. He studied at Heidelberg and Freiburg and published in 1848 in ''Fliegende Blätter The ' ("Flying Leaves"; also translated as "Flying Pages" or "Loose Sheets") was a German weekly humor and satire magazine appearing between 1845 and 1944 in Munich. Many of the illustrations were by well-known artists such as Wilhelm Busch, Cou ...'' his comic songs, “Wanderlust,” which had great popularity. Literary works * ''Gedichte in allerlei Humoren'' (Stuttgart 1853) * ''Schneiderbüchlein'' (anonymous with H. Goll, Stuttgart 1853) * ''Leben und Liebe'', poems (Frankfurt 1856) * ''Die Pfalzgrafen'', dramatic poem (Lahr 1859) * ''Deutsches Knabenbuch; Weltruhm in Reimsprüchen'' (Lahr 1865) * ''Alboin'', dramatic poem (Bühl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments and private institutions. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as ''self-censorship''. General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, Newspaper, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent Defamation, slander and Defamation, libel. Specific rules and regulations regarding censorship vary between Legal Jurisdiction, legal jurisdictions and/or private organiza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
