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Bhamdoun Abduction Operation
The Bhamdoun abduction operation was a military operation carried out by Fatah, the main constituent organization of the PLO. During the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, a Palestinian four-man squad infiltrated the IDF-held mountainous area north of Bhamdoun, in central Lebanon, and attacked an IDF observation point, capturing the entire 8-men IDF unit without firing a single bullet. The Palestinian squad took eight Israeli soldiers as prisoners. This provided the Palestinian side with plenty of leverage in the two controversial prisoner exchanges with Israel, which freed 5,900 Palestinian and Lebanese prisoners. Background The prisoners captured in Bhamdoun were not the first to be exchanged for Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails. Shmuel Rosenwasser, a watchman abducted by Fatah in a raid on Metulla in northern Israel in 1970, was freed in exchange for Fatah operative Mahmoud Hijazi sentenced to 30 years in prison in Israel. During the 1978 South Lebanon conflict, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1982 Lebanon War
The 1982 Lebanon War, also called the Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon, began on 6 June 1982, when Israel invaded southern Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the Israel Defense Forces, Israeli military, which had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border. The Israeli military operation, codenamed Operation Peace for Galilee, was launched after gunmen from the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin blamed the PLO, using the incident as a ''casus belli''. It was the second invasion of Lebanon by Israel, following the 1978 South Lebanon conflict. The Israelis sought to end Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon, Palestinian attacks from Lebanon, destroy the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the country, and install a pro-Israel Leban ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammana
Hammana () is a town in Lebanon, about 26 km (16 miles) east of Beirut. At an altitude of 1200 m (about 4000 ft) above sea level, Hammana is in the Mount Lebanon Governorate in the district (or Caza) of Baabda. Hammana is bordered by the towns of Falougha, Shbaniye, Khraybe, Bmariam, Khalwet and Mdeirej. Etymology The word "Hammana" may have come from the name of the Phoenecian sun god "Hammon", or "Hamman". Both names are derived from the word "Hama", which means heat of the sun. Hamonah is mentioned in the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, a city of memorial unto the triumph of the Lord GOD over his people's adversaries. History The 19th-century French poet, novelist and statesman Alphonse de Lamartine visited Lebanon and spent some time in Hammana. He described the town and its surrounding lush valley in his ''Voyages en Orient'' (1835) as "one of the most beautiful prospects ever presented to the human eye to scan in the works of God". Hammana has a rich diversit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FN MAG
The FN MAG (, , ) is a Belgian 7.62 mm calibre, 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun, designed in the early 1950s at Fabrique Nationale de Herstal, Fabrique Nationale (FN) by Ernest Vervier. It has been used by more than 80 countries and it has been made under licence in several countries, including Argentina, Canada (as the C6 GPMG), Egypt, India, and the United Kingdom.Hogg, Ian (2002). ''Jane's Guns Recognition Guide''. Jane's Information Group. . The MAG is available in three primary versions: the standard, infantry Model 60-20 machine gun, the Model 60-40 coaxial machine gun for armoured fighting vehicles, and the Model 60-30 aircraft variant. History After World War II the Swedish Army, who used two 6.5×55mm versions of the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) since the 1920s, wanted to replace them with a belt-fed version. Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori, FFV-Carl Gustaf tried to design a derivative, but their belt feeding mechanism (placed below the action, like on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinchas Goldstein
Pinchas Goldstein (; born 26 August 1939, died 14 August 2007) was an Israeli politician, who served as a member of the Knesset for Likud and the New Liberal Party between 1981 and 1992, and as Deputy Minister of Communications and Deputy Minister of Education and Culture during the early 1990s. Biography Born in Tel Aviv during the Mandate era, Goldstein graduated from the Haifa military school of command, a boarding school, and went on to study law at the Tel Aviv branch of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, but did not graduate. He was a member of the board of directors of Israel Electric Corporation from 1978 to 1981, and a member of the Executive of World Zionist Organization from 1978 to 1982. Originally a member of the Liberal Party, he was elected to the Knesset on the Likud list (an alliance of Herut, the Liberal Party and other right-wing factions) in 1981. He was re-elected in 1984 and 1988. On 15 March 1990, Goldstein and four other Likud MKs left the party to es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moshe Levy (12th Chief Of Staff Of The IDF)
Moshe Levy (; April 18, 1936 – January 8, 2008) was an Israeli military commander and the 12th Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). He served in this position from 1983 to 1987, towards the end of the first Lebanon war and the establishment of the South Lebanon Security Belt. Biography Levy, born in Tel Aviv to an Iraqi-Jewish family, was known by his army nickname ''Moshe VaHetzi'' ( ("Moshe and a half") because of his towering height, which was about . Haaretz, 11 January 2008 He was drafted into the army in 1954 and served in the . After completing his officers' course, Levy joined the |
Shafiq Al-Hout
Shafiq al-Hout, also spelled Shafik al-Hut (; 13 January 1932 – 2 August 2009), was a Palestinian politician and writer. Born in Jaffa, he and his family fled to Beirut at the onset of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. There, al-Hout became a journalist at '' Al Hawadeth'' magazine. Using it as a platform, he founded the Palestine Liberation Front in 1961 and later became a founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964. He remained a senior member of the organization, representing it in Lebanon and the United Nations General Assembly. Initially a close aid to Yasser Arafat, al-Hout resigned from his position on the PLO Executive Committee, in protest of Arafat's signing of the Oslo Accords. Early life Life in Jaffa Al-Hout was born in Jaffa in 1932 to the mayor of Jaffa at the time, known as the "Beiruti Mayor." He belonged to the al-Hout family which had its roots in Lebanon; Shafiq's grandfather, Salim Youssef al-Hout, was originally from Beirut and immigrated to Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tripoli, Lebanon
Tripoli ( ; , , ; , ; see #Names, below) is the largest and most important city in North Lebanon, northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in the country. Situated north of the capital Beirut, it is the capital of the North Governorate and the Tripoli District, Lebanon, Tripoli District. Tripoli overlooks the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and it is the northernmost seaport in Lebanon. The city is predominantly inhabited by Lebanese Sunni Muslims, Sunni Muslims, with smaller populations of Alawites in Lebanon, Alawites and Christianity in Lebanon, Christians, including Lebanese Maronite Christians, Maronites and Armenians in Lebanon, Armenians among others. The history of Tripoli dates back at least to the 14th century BC. It was called Athar by the Phoenicians, and later ''Tripolis'' by the Greeks, Greek settlers, whence the modern Arabic name ''Ṭarābulus'' derives. In the Arab world, Tripoli has been historically known as (), to distinguish it from Tripoli, Libya, its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatah Al-Intifada
Fatah al-Intifada () is a Palestinian militant faction founded by Said Muragha, better known as Abu Musa. Officially it refers to itself as the Palestinian National Liberation Movement - "Fatah" (), the identical name of the major Fatah movement. Fatah al-Intifada is not part of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). History Rupture with PLO Originally part of Fatah, Fatah al-Intifada broke away from the organization in 1983, during the PLO's participation in the Lebanese Civil War. The split was due to differences between Abu Musa and Yasser Arafat over a number of issues, including military decisions and corruption. Fatah al-Intifada was formed with Syrian support and quickly attracted a number of Palestinian guerrillas disillusioned with Arafat's role in Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). One of the leading figures joined the group from Fatah was Nimr Saleh. Syria provided extensive backing as the Abu Musa forces attacked Arafat loyalists in Fat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palestine Research Center
The Palestine Research Center (PRC) was an institute established in Beirut in 1965 to gather, conserve and analyse books and materials relating to Palestine, its culture and modern history, and to the political struggles of the Palestinian people. It suffered damage from several attacks before a car bomb placed by an Israel proxy terrorist group, the Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners destroyed the building in 1983. It was under diplomatic protection. History The Palestine Research Center was established in 1965, just one year after the PLO itself, as both a research and educational institution. The decision to found it was taken on 28 February of that year by the PLO executive committee, and its first director was Fayiz Sayigh. It occupied 6 floors of a 7-storey building on Colombani Street in the residential Hamra district of Western Beirut, and was accorded diplomatic protection by the Lebanese government. The purpose was to gather materials, books, articles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chtaura
Chtaura () is a town in Lebanon in the fertile Beqaa valley located between the Mount Lebanon and Syria. It is located halfway on the Beirut–Damascus highway. It is located from Beirut. Chtaura is the valley's hub for banking, transportation, and commerce, with many hotels and restaurants on the main road. From Chtaura, travelers can depart for Zahlé, Baalbek, or Damascus. History On January 29, 1983, the Israeli-run Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners detonated a car bomb close to the Fatah HQ at Chtaura (also named Shtura), and another in West Beirut, close to the HQ of the left-wing Al-Mourabitoun. Some sixty people were killed and hundreds wounded. For almost 30 years, during the Lebanese Civil War, the Syrian Arab Army's military headquarters for the Beqaa Valley was in Chtaura. On 24 November 1989, following the assassination of President René Moawad, his successor, Elias Hrawi, was elected by a hastily gathered assembly of 53 MPs in the Chtaura's Par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmoud Aloul
Mahmoud al-Aloul () (born 11 December 1950) is a Palestinian politician who formerly served as the governor of the Palestinian Authority's Nablus governorate in the Central Highlands of the West Bank from 1995 to 2005. Al-Aloul was elected to the Central Committee of Fatah in August 2009 during the 6th General Conference, and later became Vice Chairman following the 7th General Conference held in 2016. In early 2018, he was widely discussed as the likely successor to Mahmoud Abbas as President of the Palestinian National Authority. After the Six-Day War, al-Aloul was arrested by Israel and sent to live in Jordan, where he joined Fatah. He rose within Fatah, and, in the 1970s, moved to Lebanon. There he served under Khalil al-Wazir, as commander of a Fatah brigade that captured eight Israeli soldiers in 1983. The Israeli prisoners were exchanged for Palestinian prisoners in Israeli hands. According to Aloul, the Palestinians still maintain their belief in armed struggle against ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biqaa Valley
The Beqaa Valley (, ; Bekaa, Biqâ, Becaa) is a fertile valley in eastern Lebanon and its most important farming region. Industry, especially the country's agricultural industry, also flourishes in Beqaa. The region broadly corresponds to the Coele-Syria of classical antiquity. The Beqaa is located about east of Beirut. The valley is situated between Mount Lebanon to the west and the Anti-Lebanon mountains to the east. It is the northern continuation of the Jordan Rift Valley, and thus part of the Great Rift Valley, which stretches from Syria to the Red Sea. Beqaa Valley is long and wide on average. It has a Mediterranean climate of wet, often snowy winters and dry, warm summers. Climate The region receives limited rainfall, particularly in the north, because Mount Lebanon creates a rain shadow that blocks precipitation coming from the sea. The northern section has an average annual rainfall of , compared to in the central valley. Nevertheless, two rivers originate in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
