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Beta Movement
The term beta movement is used for the optical illusion of illusory motion, apparent motion in which the very short projection of one figure and a subsequent very short projection of a more or less similar figure in a different location are experienced as one figure moving. The illusion of motion caused by animation and film is sometimes believed to rely on beta movement, as an alternative to the older explanation known as persistence of vision. However, the human visual system can't distinguish between the short-range apparent motion of film and real motion, while the long-range apparent motion of beta movement is recognised as different and processed in a different way. History Observations of apparent motion through quick succession of images go back to the 19th century. In 1833, Joseph Plateau introduced what became known as the phenakistiscope, an early animation device based on a stroboscopic effect. The principle of this "philosophical toy" would inspire the development ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Max Wertheimer
Max Wertheimer (; April 15, 1880 – October 12, 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler. He is known for his book ''Productive Thinking'' and for conceiving the phi phenomenon as part of his work in Gestalt psychology. Wertheimer became interested in psychology and studied under Carl Stumpf at the University of Berlin.Hothersall, D. (2003) Wertheimer then went on to obtain his PhD in 1904 under Oswald Külpe, at the University of Würzburg and then began his intellectual career teaching at the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt University. For a short time, he left Frankfurt to work at the Berlin Psychological Institute, but returned in 1929 as a full professor. Wertheimer eventually joined the faculty of The New School in New York, a position he held until his death. One of Wertheimer's postdoc researchers was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow who greatly admired Wertheimer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persistence Of Vision
Persistence of vision is the optical illusion that occurs when the visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the Light ray, rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye. The illusion has also been described as "retinal persistence", "persistence of impressions", simply "persistence" and other variations. A very commonly given example of the phenomenon is the apparent fiery trail of a glowing coal or burning stick while it is whirled around in the dark. In recent theories about iconic memory, visual sensory memory, higher-level (cortical) informational persistence is considered a more relevant component of normal vision than the lower-level aspect of visible persistence. Many explanations of the illusion actually seem to describe Afterimage#Positive afterimages, positive afterimages and the neurological effect can be compared to the technological effect of motion blur in photography (or in film and video). "Persistence of vision" can a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apparent Motion (other)
Apparent motion may refer to: Astronomy *Aberration of light, an apparent shift in position of celestial objects due to the finite speed of light and the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun * Diurnal motion, the apparent motion of objects in the sky due to the Earth's rotation on its axis *Parallax, the apparent motion of objects due to the changing angle of observation of an observer on Earth revolving around the Sun Perceptual illusions *Beta movement, an illusion of movement where two or more still images are combined by the brain into surmised motion *Illusory motion, the appearance of movement in a static image *Phi phenomenon, an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession *Stroboscopic effect, a phenomenon that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples **Wagon-wheel effect, temporal aliasing effect in which a spoked wheel appears to rotate differently from its true rotati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stroboscopic Effect
The stroboscopic effect is a visual optical phenomenon, phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous rotational or other cyclic motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples (as opposed to a continuous view) at a sampling rate close to the period of the motion. It accounts for the "wagon-wheel effect", so-called because in video, spoked wheels (such as on horse-drawn wagons) sometimes appear to be turning backwards. A strobe fountain, a stream of water droplets falling at regular intervals lit with a strobe light, is an example of the stroboscopic effect being applied to a cyclic motion that is not rotational. When viewed under normal light, this is a normal water fountain. When viewed under a strobe light with its frequency tuned to the rate at which the droplets fall, the droplets appear to be suspended in mid-air. Adjusting the strobe frequency can make the droplets seemingly move slowly up or down. Depending upon the frequency of illuminatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phi Phenomenon
The term phi phenomenon is used in a narrow sense for an Illusory motion, apparent motion that is observed if two nearby optical Stimulus (psychology), stimuli are presented in alternation with a relatively high frequency. In contrast to beta movement, seen at lower frequencies, the stimuli themselves do not appear to move. Instead, a diffuse, amorphous shadowlike something seems to jump in front of the stimuli and occlude them temporarily. This shadow seems to have nearly the color of the background. Max Wertheimer first described this form of apparent movement in his habilitation thesis, published 1912, marking the birth of Gestalt psychology. In a broader sense, particularly if the plural form ''phi phenomena'' is used, it applies also to all apparent movements that can be seen if two nearby optical stimuli are presented in alternation. This includes especially beta movement, which has been regarded as the illusion of motion in film, cinema and animation, although it can be argu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ternus Illusion
The Ternus illusion or Ternus effect is an illusion related to human visual perception involving Illusory motion, apparent motion. In a simplified explanation of one form of the illusion, two discs, (referred to here as L for left and C for centre) are shown side by side as the first frame in a sequence of three frames. Next a blank frame is presented for a very short, variable duration. In the final frame, two similar discs (C for centre and R for right) are then shown in a shifted position. Depending on various factors including the time intervals between frames as well as spacing and layout, observers perceive either element motion, in which L appears to move to R while C remains stationary or they report experiencing group motion, in which L and C appear to move together to C and R. Both element motion and group motion can be observed in animated examples to the right in Figures 1 and 2. Overview In 1926 and then again in 1938, the Gestalt psychology, Gestalt psychologist Joseph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurt Koffka
Kurt Koffka (; March 12, 1886 – November 22, 1941) was a German psychologist and professor. He was born and educated in Berlin, Germany; he died in Northampton, Massachusetts, from coronary thrombosis. He was influenced by his maternal uncle, a biologist, to pursue science. He had many interests including visual perception, brain damage, sound localization, developmental psychology, and experimental psychology. He worked alongside Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler to develop Gestalt psychology. Koffka had several publications including "The Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology" (1924) and "The Principles of Gestalt Psychology" (1935) which elaborated on his research. Personal life Kurt Koffka, born March 18, 1886, in Berlin, Germany, was raised by Luis Levy and Emil Koffka. His mother listed herself as Protestant despite having Jewish heritage. His father was a lawyer, and his younger brother, Friedrich Koffka, went on to become a judge. In spite o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phi Phenomenon
The term phi phenomenon is used in a narrow sense for an Illusory motion, apparent motion that is observed if two nearby optical Stimulus (psychology), stimuli are presented in alternation with a relatively high frequency. In contrast to beta movement, seen at lower frequencies, the stimuli themselves do not appear to move. Instead, a diffuse, amorphous shadowlike something seems to jump in front of the stimuli and occlude them temporarily. This shadow seems to have nearly the color of the background. Max Wertheimer first described this form of apparent movement in his habilitation thesis, published 1912, marking the birth of Gestalt psychology. In a broader sense, particularly if the plural form ''phi phenomena'' is used, it applies also to all apparent movements that can be seen if two nearby optical stimuli are presented in alternation. This includes especially beta movement, which has been regarded as the illusion of motion in film, cinema and animation, although it can be argu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tachistoscope
A tachistoscope is a device that displays a picture, text, or an object for a specific amount of time. It can be used for various purposes such as to increase recognition speed, to show something too fast to be consciously recognized, or to test which elements of a display are memorable. Early tachistoscopes were mechanical, using a flat masking screen containing a window. The screen concealed the picture or text until the screen moved, at a known speed, the window over the picture or text, revealing it. The screen continued to move until it hid the picture or text again. Later tachistoscopes used a shutter system typical of a camera in conjunction with a slide or transparency projector. Even later, tachistoscopes used brief illumination, such as from fast-onset and fast-offset fluorescent lamps, of the material to be displayed. By the late 1990s, tachistoscopes had largely been replaced by computers for displaying pictures and text. History The first tachistoscope was orig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt psychology, gestaltism, or configurationism is a school of psychology and a theory of perception that emphasises the processing of entire patterns and configurations, and not merely individual components. It emerged in the early twentieth century in Austria and Germany as a rejection of basic principles of Wilhelm Wundt's and Edward Titchener's elementalist and structuralist psychology. Gestalt psychology is often associated with the adage, "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts". In Gestalt theory, information is perceived as wholes rather than disparate parts which are then processed summatively. As used in Gestalt psychology, the German word ''Gestalt'' ( , ; meaning "form") is interpreted as "pattern" or "configuration". It differs from Gestalt therapy, which is only peripherally linked to Gestalt psychology. Origin and history Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler founded Gestalt psychology in the early 20th century. The dominant view ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sense
A sense is a biological system used by an organism for sensation, the process of gathering information about the surroundings through the detection of Stimulus (physiology), stimuli. Although, in some cultures, five human senses were traditionally identified as such (namely Visual perception, sight, Olfaction, smell, Somatosensory system, touch, taste, and hearing), many more are now recognized. Senses used by non-human organisms are even greater in variety and number. During sensation, sense organs collect various stimuli (such as a sound or smell) for Transduction (physiology), transduction, meaning transformation into a form that can be understood by the brain. Sensation and perception are fundamental to nearly every aspect of an organism's cognition, behavior and thought. In organisms, a sensory organ consists of a group of interrelated Sensory neuron, sensory cells that respond to a specific type of physical stimulus. Via Cranial nerves, cranial and spinal nerves (nerves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
