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Bernard Koenen
Bernard Johann Heinrich Koenen (17 February 1889 – 30 April 1964) was a German politician. Between 1953 and 1958 he was the East German ambassador to Czechoslovakia. Life Early years Koenen was born in Hamburg, the son of a carpenter-joiner and a cook. His father was a Socialist activist who participated in the founding of the Second International in Paris five months after his birth. By the turn of the century his father was a leading member of the Social Democratic Party. On 17 January 1906 they were among an estimated 80,000 people in Hamburg to take part in Germany's first ever mass-political protest march, protesting an electoral system which privileged the upper classes at the expense of the working class; Bernard Koenen distributed leaflets at the march. On leaving school Koenen had embarked on an apprenticeship as a Machinist-Fitter and in 1906 joined the German Metal Workers' Union. The next year he turned 18 and joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD). His ski ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czechoslovakia–East Germany Relations
Czechoslovakia–East Germany relations were historical foreign relations between Czechoslovakia and East Germany both of which are now-defunct states. Two countries signed their first joint declaration on 23 June 1950. During the Cold War period both countries were members of Warsaw Pact and Comecon. East Germany provided logistics support but did not directly militarily invade Czechoslovakia during the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Within the Eastern Bloc two countries shared certain set of similarities such as similar levels of economic development, regional proximity, the border with the Western Bloc and as well the fact that after a protracted period of confrontation German and Czechoslovak states were formally close allies. In 1989 over 2,000 East German citizens rushed the West German Embassy in Prague in an effort to emigrate to the west. See also * Tři oříšky pro Popelku * Vindobona (train) * Czech Republic–Germany relations * Germany–Slovakia relation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Koenen
Wilhelm Koenen (7 April 1886 – 19 October 1963) was a German communist activist and an East Germany, East German politician. He was married to Emmy Damerius-Koenen and was the father of Heinrich Koenen and Johanna Koenen. Biographical details Koenen was born in Hamburg,Brief biography of Wilhelm Koenen Freundeskreis "Ernst-Thälmanns-Gedenkstätte" e.V. Ziegenhals. Received December 17, 2011 the son of a socialism, socialist carpenter and a cook. After finishing Volksschule, he continued his education, taking classes in business from 1900 to 1903. Koenen joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1903. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machinist
A machinist is a tradesperson or trained professional who operates machine tools, and has the ability to set up tools such as milling machines, grinders, lathes, and drilling machines. A competent machinist will generally have a strong mechanical aptitude, the ability to correctly use precision measuring instruments and to interpret blueprints, and a working knowledge of the proper parameters required for successfully utilizing the various tools commonly used in machining operations. CNC (computer numerical control) comprises one of the most recent advances in manufacturing, in which a machinist uses specialized software to generate programmatic instructions (most commonly G-code) which are in turn interpreted by the machine to make components for a wide variety of industries. CNC programming is a skilled position which requires knowledge of math, speeds and feeds, machine tooling, work holding, and the different ways various materials react to stress and heat in the machining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt ( ; ) is a States of Germany, state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of and has a population of 2.17 million inhabitants, making it the List of German states by area, 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the List of German states by population, 11th-largest by population. Its capital and most populous city is Magdeburg. The state of Saxony-Anhalt was formed in July 1945 after World War II, when the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany formed it from the former Free State of Prussia, Prussian Province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt. Saxony-Anhalt became part of the East Germany, German Democratic Republic in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during Administrative divisions of East Germany, administrative reforms and its territory was divided into the districts of Halle (Bezirk), Halle and Magdeburg (Bezirk), Magdeburg. Follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Communist Party
The German Communist Party (, ) is a communist party in Germany. The DKP supports far-left positions and was an observer member of the European Left before leaving in February 2016. History The DKP considered itself a reconstitution of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), which had been banned by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1956 for its aggressively militant opposition to the West German constitution. The new party was formed on 25 September 1968. The foundation was preceded by talks between former KPD functionaries and Gustav Heinemann, the West German minister of justice, who explained to them that while a refounding of a banned party was not legally possible, Communists were free to form an entirely new party. Even though the close links to the banned KPD made the new party vulnerable to be declared illegal, no such declaration was requested by the German government as West German authorities were liberalizing the attitude towards the communist bloc and East Germ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prussian Three-class Franchise
The Prussian three-class franchise (German: ) was an indirect electoral system used from 1848 until 1918 in the Kingdom of Prussia and for shorter periods in other German states. Voters were grouped by district into three classes, with the total tax payments in each class equal. Those who paid the most in taxes formed the first class, followed by the next highest in the second, with those who paid the least in the third. Voters in each class separately elected one third of the electors who in turn voted for the representatives. Voting was not secret. The franchise was a form of apportionment by economic class rather than geographic area or population. Members of the Prussian House of Representatives were elected according to the three-class electoral law, as were the city councils of Prussian cities and towns in accordance with the Prussian Municipal Code. After decades of controversy and failed attempts at reform, which for many caused the Prussian three-class franchise to beco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, fourth-most populous city in the European Union and the List of cities proper by population density, 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, Fashion capital, fashion, and gastronomy. Because of its leading role in the French art, arts and Science and technology in France, sciences and its early adoption of extensive street lighting, Paris became known as the City of Light in the 19th century. The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants in January 2023, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second International
The Second International, also called the Socialist International, was a political international of Labour movement, socialist and labour parties and Trade union, trade unions which existed from 1889 to 1916. It included representatives from most of Europe's major working-class organizations, though was dominated by the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The international continued the work of the International Workingmen's Association, First International, which had dissolved in 1876. It was ideologically dominated by Marxism, although other viewpoints were represented, notably anarchism before the anarchists were expelled in 1896. Leading theorists within the Second International included Friedrich Engels, Karl Kautsky, and Georgi Plekhanov, as well as Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg. The Second International was primarily concerned with developing and coordinating strategy and tactics, and with establishing common policies for its member parties. Congress meetings were hel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialism
Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes the Economic ideology, economic, Political philosophy, political, and Social theory, social theories and Political movement, movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, including State ownership, public, Community ownership, community, Collective ownership, collective, cooperative, or Employee stock ownership, employee.: "Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joiner
Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood, engineered lumber, or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate), to produce more complex items. Some woodworking joints employ mechanical fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements (such as dowels or plain mortise and tenon fittings). The characteristics of wooden joints—strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc.—derive from the properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make cabinetry or furniture, although some concepts overlap. In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work; in other locales joinery is considered a form of carpentry. History Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive mater ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Nazi Germany, while the country lost further territories to First Vienna Award, Hungary and Trans-Olza, Poland (the territories of southern Slovakia with a predominantly Hungarian population to Hungary and Zaolzie with a predominantly Polish population to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovak state, Slovakia proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Hungary, while the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed in the remainder of the Czech Lands. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš formed Czechoslovak government-in-exile, a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rosa Luxemburg Foundation
The Rosa Luxemburg Foundation (''German: Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung e.V.; Abbreviation: RLS''), named in recognition of Rosa Luxemburg, and occasionally referred to as ''Rosa-Lux'', is a transnational alternative policy lobby group and educational institution, centered in Germany and affiliated to the democratic socialist Left Party. The foundation states that it "stands for democratic socialism with an unwavering internationalist focus" and is "committed to a radical perspective emphasizing public awareness, education, and social critique." The foundation was established in Berlin in 1990 (originally as the "Social Analysis and Political Education Association").Carroll, William. 2014. "Alternative Policy Groups and Transnational Counter-Hegemonic Struggle." Pp. 259–84 in Yıldız Atasoy (ed.) Global Economic Crisis and the Politics of Diversity. London & New York: Palgrave MacMillan It is one of the state-subsidized German political foundations, each one of which is associated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
