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Benoni Buck
Benoni Buck (1616–1639) was a second-generation colonist in Jamestown, James City, Virginia, and is notable as the first documented case of a person with an intellectual disability in the Colonial United States. His life and legal battles over his guardianship provide significant insight into the early American legal and social treatment of individuals with disabilities. Early life Buck was born as the sixth child to Richard Buck (chaplain) and Elizabeth Langley (Brown) Buck. His siblings were Elizabeth, Bridget, Mara, Gercian, and Peleg. Named Benoni, which translates to "child of sorrow," he lived during a time when disabilities were poorly understood and often stigmatized. Guardianship and legal disputes From 1624 to 1626, Thomas Alnutt held the guardianship of Buck, during which time Buck was likely under the care of Peter and Mary Langman, indentured servants to Alnutt. His exact whereabouts often remained ambiguous, with records suggesting he might have lived in N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jamestown, Virginia
The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent British colonization of the Americas, English settlement in the Americas. It was located on the northeast bank of the James River, about southwest of present-day Williamsburg, Virginia, Williamsburg. It was established by the London Company as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S. (May 14, 1607 Old Style and New Style dates, N.S.), and considered permanent, after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed failed attempts, including the Roanoke Colony, established in 1585. Despite the dispatch of more supplies, only 60 of the original 214 settlers survived the 1609–1610 Starving Time. In mid-1610, the survivors abandoned Jamestown, though they returned after meeting a resupply convoy in the James River. Jamestown served as the colonial capital from 1616 until 1699. In August 1619, the first recorded slaves from Africa to British North America arrived at present-day Old Point Comfor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Idiot
An idiot, in modern use, is a stupid or foolish person. "Idiot" was formerly a technical term in legal and psychiatric contexts for some kinds of profound intellectual disability where the mental age is two years or less, and the person cannot guard themself against common physical dangers. The term was gradually replaced by "profound mental retardation", which has since been replaced by other terms. Along with terms like moron, imbecile, retard and cretin, its use to describe people with mental disabilities is considered archaic and offensive. Moral idiocy refers to a moral disability. Etymology The word "idiot" ultimately comes from the Greek noun ''idiōtēs'' 'a private person, individual' (as opposed to the state), 'a private citizen' (as opposed to someone with a political office), 'a common man', 'a person lacking professional skill, layman', later 'unskilled', 'ignorant', derived from the adjective ''idios'' 'personal' (not public, not shared).Liddell-Scott-Jone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People From Colonial Virginia
The term "the people" refers to the public or common mass of people of a polity. As such it is a concept of human rights law, international law as well as constitutional law, particularly used for claims of popular sovereignty. In contrast, a people is any plurality of persons considered as a whole. Used in politics and law, the term "a people" refers to the collective or community of an ethnic group or nation. Concepts Legal Chapter One, Article One of the Charter of the United Nations states that "peoples" have the right to self-determination. Though the mere status as peoples and the right to self-determination, as for example in the case of Indigenous peoples (''peoples'', as in all groups of indigenous people, not merely all indigenous persons as in ''indigenous people''), does not automatically provide for independent sovereignty and therefore secession. Indeed, judge Ivor Jennings identified the inherent problems in the right of "peoples" to self-determination, as i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1639 Deaths
Events January–March * January 19 – Hämeenlinna () is granted privileges, after it separates from the Vanaja parish, as its own city in Tavastia. *c. January – The first printing press in British North America is started in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Stephen Daye. * February 18 – In the course of the Eighty Years' War, a sea battle is fought in the English Channel off of the coast of Dunkirk between the navies of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, with 12 warships, and Spain, with 12 galleons and eight other ships. The Spanish are forced to flee after three of their ships are lost and 1,600 Spaniards killed or injured, while the Dutch sustain 1,700 casualties without the loss of a ship. * March 3 – The early settlement of Taunton, Massachusetts, is incorporated as a town. * March 13 – Harvard University is named for clergyman John Harvard. April–June * April 14 – In the Battle of Chemnitz, Swedish forces un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1616 Births
Events January–March * January 1 – King James VI and I, James I of England attends the masque ''The Golden Age Restored'', a satire by Ben Jonson on fallen court favorite the Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, Earl of Somerset. The king asks for a repeat performance on January 6. * January 3 – In the court of James I of England, the king's favorite George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, George Villiers becomes Master of the Horse (encouraging development of the thoroughbred horse); on April 24 he receives the Order of the Garter; and on August 27 he is created Viscount Villiers and Baron Waddon, receiving a grant of land valued at £80,000. In 1617, he will be made Earl of Buckingham. After the William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, Earl of Pembroke, he is the second richest nobleman in Kingdom of England, England. * January 10 – English diplomat Sir Thomas Roe presents his credentials to the Mughal Empire, Mughal Emperor Jahangir, in Ajmer Fort, opening the do ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of The United States
The law of the United States comprises many levels of Codification (law), codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the supreme law is the nation's Constitution of the United States, Constitution, which prescribes the foundation of the federal government of the United States, federal government of the United States, as well as various civil liberties. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of Act of Congress, Acts of Congress, treaty, treaties ratified by the United States Senate, Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the United States federal courts, federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and Codification (law), codification of general and permanent federal statutory law. The Constitution provides that it, as well as federal laws and treaties that are made pursuant to it, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Guardian
A legal guardian is a person who has been appointed by a court or otherwise has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to make decisions relevant to the personal and property interests of another person who is deemed incompetent, called a ward. For example, a legal guardian might be granted the authority to make decisions regarding a ward's housing or medical care or manage the ward's finances. Guardianship is most appropriate when an alleged ward is functionally incapacitated, meaning they have a lagging skill critical to performing certain tasks, such as making important life decisions. Guardianship intends to serve as a safeguard to protect the ward. Anyone can petition for a guardianship hearing if they believe another individual cannot make rational decisions on their own behalf. In a guardianship hearing, a judge ultimately decides whether guardianship is appropriate and, if so, will appoint a guardian. Guardians are typically used in four situations: guardian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Harvey (Virginia Governor)
Sir John Harvey ( - ) was a Crown Governor of Virginia. Before becoming involved in Virginia politics, he was a transporter of settlers from England, owning a ship called the ''Southampton''. In 1624, Harvey reported to the royal commissioner that the colony had recovered faster than expected from the Indian massacre of 1622. Harvey traveled back and forth between North America and England. Harvey was appointed to the governor position on March 26, 1628 by Charles I of England. In autumn 1629, Harvey departed England aboard the ''Friendship'' with 300 other settlers to Virginia. Harvey appointed several inexperienced politicians, including Samuel Matthews and William Claiborne to the Virginia Governor's Council. The captain, officers, and sailors of the ship that transported the governor to Virginia sued in admiralty court for their pay. His government has been described as tyrannical and Harvey himself has been called "an obnoxious ruler" and was generally held to be unpopul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom), and formerly mental retardation (in the United States), Rosa's Law, Pub. L. 111-256124 Stat. 2643(2010).Archive is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning that is first apparent during childhood. Children with intellectual disabilities typically have an intelligence quotient (IQ) below 70 and deficits in at least two adaptive behaviors that affect everyday living. According to the DSM-5, intellectual functions include reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. Deficits in these functions must be confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standard IQ testing. On the other hand, adaptive behaviors include the social, developmental, and practical skills people learn to perform tasks in their everyday lives. Deficits in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ableism
Ableism (; also known as ablism, disablism (British English), anapirophobia, anapirism, and disability discrimination) is discrimination and social prejudice against physically or mentally disabled people. Ableism characterizes people as they are defined by their disabilities and it also classifies disabled people as people who are inferior to non-disabled people. On this basis, people are assigned or denied certain perceived abilities, skills, or character orientations. There are stereotypes which are either associated with disability in general, or they are associated with specific impairments or chronic health conditions (for instance the presumption that all disabled people want to be cured, the presumption that wheelchair users also have an intellectual disability, or the presumption that blind people have some special form of insight). These stereotypes, in turn, serve as a justification for discriminatory practices, and reinforce discriminatory attitudes and behaviors t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
