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Benevolence (phrenology)
Benevolence is a faculty in the discredited theory of phrenology. Concept Phrenology maintains that an individual's character can be divined from the shape of his head as well as the sizes of the phrenological organs. These organs include Benevolence, which said to be the area just above the forehead. If its measurement is large in an individual, the phrenologist would conclude that he is highly benevolent. Divining benevolence in this manner does not only allow one to gauge the extent of an individual's benevolence but also allows him to arouse it. Interaction with other faculties: *Negative benevolence + positive firmness: authoritarian personality without consideration and humanity. *Negative benevolence + positive destructiveness: propensity for unkindness or cruelty Cruelty is the intentional infliction of suffering or the inaction towards another's suffering when a clear remedy is readily available. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept. Cruel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aptitude
An aptitude is a component of a competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level. Outstanding aptitude can be considered "talent", or "skill". Aptitude is inborn potential to perform certain kinds of activities, whether physical or mental, and whether developed or undeveloped. Aptitude is often contrasted with skills and abilities, which are developed through learning. The mass term ability refers to components of competence acquired through a combination of both aptitude and skills. According to Gladwell (2008) and Colvin (2008), it is often difficult to set apart the influence of talent from the influence of hard training in the case of outstanding performances. Howe, Davidson, and Sloboda argue that talents are acquired rather than innate. Talented individuals generally show high levels of competence immediately in only a narrow range of activities, often comprising only a single direction or genre. Intelligence and aptitude Aptitude and IQ are different ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phrenology
Phrenology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. It is based on the concept that the Human brain, brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific Human brain#Function, functions or modules. It was said that the brain was composed of different muscles, so those that were used more often were bigger, resulting in the different skull shapes. This provided reasoning for the common presence of bumps on the skull in different locations. The brain "muscles" not being used as frequently remained small and were therefore not present on the exterior of the skull. Although both of those ideas have a basis in reality, phrenology generalizes beyond empirical knowledge in a way that departs from science. The central phrenological notion that measuring the contour of the skull can predict personality traits is discredited by empirical research. Developed by Germans, German physician Franz Joseph Ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authoritarian
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have sometimes been characterized as "hybrid democracies", " hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, ''An Authoritarian Regime: Spain'', defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: # Limited political pluralism, which is achieved with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. # Political legitimacy based on appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cruelty
Cruelty is the intentional infliction of suffering or the inaction towards another's suffering when a clear remedy is readily available. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept. Cruel ways of inflicting suffering may involve violence, but affirmative violence is not necessary for an act to be cruel. Etymology The term comes from Middle English, via the Old French term "crualte", which is based on Latin "crudelitas", from "crudelis". The word has metaphorical uses, for example, " The cliffs remained cruel." (i.e., unclimbable when they desperately needed to be climbed) in ''The Lord of the Rings''. Usage in law The term ''cruelty'' is often used in law and criminology with regard to the treatment of animals, children, spouses, and prisoners. When cruelty to animals is discussed, it often refers to ''unnecessary suffering.'' In criminal law, it refers to punishment, torture, victimization, draconian measures, and cruel and unusual punishment. In divorce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
