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Belo Monte Dam
The Belo Monte Dam (''formerly known as'' Kararaô) is a hydroelectric dam complex on the northern part of the Xingu River in the state of Pará, Brazil. After its completion, with the installation of its 18th turbine, in November 2019, the installed capacity of the dam complex is 11,233 megawatts (MW), which makes it the second largest hydroelectric dam complex in Brazil and the fifth largest in the world by installed capacity, behind the Three Gorges Dam, Baihetan Dam and the Xiluodu Dam in China and the Brazilian-Paraguayan Itaipu Dam. Considering the oscillations of river flow, guaranteed minimum capacity generation from the Belo Monte Dam would measure 4,571 MW, 39% of its maximum capacity. Brazil's rapid economic growth over the last decade has provoked a huge demand for new and stable sources of energy, especially to supply its growing industries. In Brazil, hydroelectric power plants produce over 66% of the electrical energy. The Government has decided to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xingu River
The Xingu River ( ; ; ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. __TOC__ Description and history The first Indigenous Park in Brazil was created in the river basin by the Brazilian government in the early 1960s. This park marks the first indigenous territory recognized by the Brazilian government and it was the world's largest indigenous preserve on the date of its creation. Currently, fourteen tribes live within Xingu Indigenous Park, surviving on natural resources and extracting from the river most of what they need for food and water. The Brazilian government built the Belo Monte Dam on the Lower Xingu, which began operations in 2019 and is the world's fifth-largest hydroelectric dam. Construction of this dam was under legal challenge by environment and indigenous groups, who assert the dam would have negative environmental and social i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Itaipu Dam
The Itaipu Dam ( ; ; ) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. It is the third largest hydroelectric dam in the world, and holds the 45th largest reservoir in the world. The name "Itaipu" was taken from an isle that existed near the construction site. In the Guarani language, means "the sounding stone". The Itaipu Dam's hydroelectric power plant produced the second-most electricity of any in the world as of 2020, only surpassed by the Three Gorges Dam plant in China in electricity production. Completed in 1984, it is a binational undertaking run by Brazil and Paraguay at the border between the two countries, north of the Friendship Bridge. The project ranges from Foz do Iguaçu, in Brazil, and Ciudad del Este in Paraguay, in the south to GuaÃra and Salto del Guairá in the north. The installed generation capacity of the plant is 14 GW, with 20 generating units providing 700 MW each with a hydraulic design h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Presidential Election, 1989
Presidential elections were held in Brazil in 1989, with the first round on November 15 and a second round on December 17. They were the first direct presidential elections since 1960 Brazilian presidential election, 1960, the first to be held using a two-round system and the first to take place under the Constitution of Brazil, 1988 constitution, which followed two decades of authoritarian rule after the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état. The collapse of the Military dictatorship in Brazil, military-imposed two-party system that pitted the right-wing authoritarian National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) against the catch-all Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) resulted in a wide array of new parties seeking to fill the political vacuum. President José Sarney of the PMDB, the MDB's successor, was ineligible to run. Sarney, who was elected Vice President of Brazil, Vice President on Tancredo Neves's ticket in the 1985 Brazilian presidential election, 1985 elections, had taken office due to Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (; born Luiz Inácio da Silva; 27 October 1945), known Mononym, mononymously as Lula, is a Brazilian politician, trade unionist and former metalworker who has served as the 39th president of Brazil since 2023. A member of the Workers' Party (Brazil), Workers' Party, Lula was also the 35th president from 2003 to 2011. Born in Pernambuco, Lula quit school after second grade to work, and did not learn to read until he was ten years old. As a teenager, he worked as a metalworker and became a trade unionist. Between 1978 and 1980, he led the 1978–1980 ABC Paulista strikes, ABC workers' strikes during Brazil's military dictatorship in Brazil, military dictatorship, and in 1980, he helped start the Workers' Party during Redemocratization in Brazil, Brazil's redemocratization. Lula was one of the leaders of the 1984 Diretas Já, ''Diretas Já'' movement, which demanded direct elections. In 1986 Brazilian legislative election, 1986, he was elected a federal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Run-of-the-river Hydroelectricity
Run-of-river hydroelectricity (ROR) or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation plant whereby little or no water storage is provided. Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage reservoir is referred to as pondage. A plant without pondage is subject to seasonal river flows, so the plant will operate as an intermittent energy source. Conventional hydro uses reservoirs, which regulate water for flood control, dispatchable electrical power, and the provision of fresh water for agriculture. Concept Run-of-the-river, or ROR, hydroelectricity is considered ideal for streams or rivers that can sustain a minimum flow or those regulated by a lake or reservoir upstream. A small dam is usually built to create a headpond ensuring that there is enough water entering the penstock pipes that lead to the turbines, which are at a lower elevation. Projects with pondage, as opposed to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Rivers
International Rivers is a nonprofit, nongovernmental, environmental, and human rights organization. Founded in 1985 by social and environmental activists, International Rivers works with policy and financial analysts, scientists, journalists, development specialists, and volunteers to combat the adverse effects of dams and their legacies that it has identified in over 60 countries. The organization has staff in South Africa, Thailand, Brazil, China, India, and the United States, who have expertise in a range of issues and who use research, education, and advocacy to achieve the organization's mission. Overview The organization's stated aims are to protect rivers and defend the rights of communities that depend on them. It actively works against the development model associated with dams, which it believes to be unsustainable, and promotes alternative solutions for meeting water, energy, and flood-management needs. International Rivers is dedicated to giving dam-affected peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eletrobras
Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras S.A. (commonly referred to as Electrobras, ) is a major Brazilian electric utilities company. The company's headquarters are located in Rio de Janeiro. It is Latin America's biggest power utility company, tenth largest in the world, and is also the fourth largest clean energy company in the world. Eletrobras holds stakes in a number of Brazilian electric companies, so that it generates about 40% and transmits 69% of Brazil's electric supply. The company's generating capacity is about 51,000 MW, mostly in hydroelectric plants. The Brazilian federal government owned 52% stake in Eletrobras until June 2022, the rest of the shares traded on B3. The stock is part of the Ibovespa index. It is also traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market and on the Madrid Stock Exchange. History Eletrobras was established in 1962 during João Goulart's presidency. Operations Eletrobras is an electric power holding company. It is the largest generation and transmissio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TuÃre Kayapó
TuÃre Kayapó, also called TuÃra (1969, or 1970 – 10 August 2024), was a Brazilian indigenous rights activist, environmentalist, and a chief of the Kayapo, Kayapó people. She was active in the movement against the Belo Monte Dam project on the Xingu River in the 1980s and constitutional amendment PEC 215 in the 2010s. Early life TuÃre's father was born in the village of KubÄ“nkrãkêj. He met her mother in her home village of Kokrajmoro (also spelled Kokraimoro), which was also where TuÃre was born''.'' Her grandmother named her.'''' Growing up, TuÃre's grandfathers and uncle were Kayapó leaders who defended their lands against government incursions.'''' Her paternal grandfather, Betikré, died during one of these conflicts. From a young age, her family encouraged her to also become a warrior and to defend her people.'''' At age 17, TuÃre and her family moved back to her father's village, KubÄ“nkrãkêj. Her parents died shortly afterwards. TuÃre and her infant son ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iriri River
The Iriri River ( ; ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th longest in the Amazon basin. The headwaters are the traditional home of the Panará people. Course The river rises in the Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit established in 2005 in the Serra do Cachimbo. It is one of the headwaters of the Xingu River. It flows for before joining the Xingu, running through the Terra do Meio Ecological Station. The river varies greatly in volume depending on the season, and in the dry season includes waterfalls, rocks and rapids. The Iriri River flows through the Tapajós–Xingu moist forests ecoregion. The river is rich in fish, including many species found only there and in the Xingu. Large sections remain unexplored due to its remoteness in a region surrounded by Amazon rainforest The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrographic Survey
Hydrographic survey is the science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore wind farms, offshore oil exploration and drilling and related activities. Surveys may also be conducted to determine the route of subsea cables such as telecommunications cables, cables associated with wind farms, and HVDC power cables. Strong emphasis is placed on soundings, shorelines, tides, currents, seabed and submerged obstructions that relate to the previously mentioned activities. The term ''hydrography'' is used synonymously to describe ''maritime cartography'', which in the final stages of the hydrographic process uses the raw data collected through hydrographic survey into information usable by the end user. Hydrography is collected under rules which vary depending on the acceptance authority. Traditionally conducted by ships with a sounding line or echo sounding, surveys are increasingly conducted with the aid o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Military Government
The military dictatorship in Brazil (), occasionally referred to as the Fifth Brazilian Republic, was established on 1 April 1964, after a coup d'état by the Brazilian Armed Forces, with support from the United States government, against president João Goulart. The Brazilian dictatorship lasted for 21 years, until 15 March 1985. The coup was planned and executed by the most senior commanders of the Brazilian Army and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with conservative sectors in society, like the Catholic Church and anti-communist civilian movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. The military regime, particularly after the Institutional Act No. 5 of 1968, practiced extensive censorship and committed human rights abuses. Those abuses included institutionalized torture, extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances. Despite initial pledges to the contrary, the military regime enacted a new, restrictive Constituti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
