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Bedirhan Bey
Bedir Khan Beg (Kurmanji: ''Bedirxan Beg'', ; 1803–1869) was the last Kurdish Mir and mütesellim of the Emirate of Botan. Hereditary head of the house of Rozhaki whose seat was the ancient Bitlis Castle and descended from Sharafkhan Bidlisi, Bedir Khan was born in Cizre (now in Turkey) of Azizan family. He became the Mir of the Emirate of Botan in 1821 and ruled until 1847. The Bedir Khans also claimed descent from Muhammad's general Khalid ibn al-Walid. Early life He was born to Abdullah Bey, and became the ruler of Botan after his cousin Sayfuddin (who succeeded Abdullah Bey after his death), wasn't able to calm down the region and his brother Said Bey was too religious and left the leadership to Bedir Khan. During his first term as Mir, he soon established a regional control strong enough, that allowed him to deny his support to the Ottoman Sultan during the Russo-Turkish War between 1828 and 1829. He managed to develop the war-torn districts under his control and wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miner Kilbourne Kellogg
Miner Kilbourne Kellogg (1814-1889) was an American painter noted for his Orientalist work, an art historian and art collector. Life and career Kellogg was born in Manlius Square, New York in 1814. He painted primarily portrait painting, portraits, figure painting, figures and landscape painting, landscapes. At one time he worked as a courier on behalf of the United States Department of State. As a courier he traveled to Europe. Kellogg also was a land surveyor in Texas. He also was an art historian and an art collector. His personal art collection included works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. He died in Toledo, Ohio in 1889. His archives are held in the collections of the University of Texas at Austin and the Indiana Historical Society. In 1851 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. Notable collections *''Persian Women'', Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C. Works File:Miner Kilbourne Kellogg - Head of an A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azizan Family
Azizan Dynasty, also known as Ezizan, House of Azizan or Azizanids (, ), were a Kurdish royal family that ruled over Hereditary emirate of Botan from 12th century-1847. Name and origins The dynasty gets its name from Abdul-'aziz Bokhti also known as Aziz Bokhti. He was the eldest son of Bokhti chief Sulaiman bokhti, the founder of Bohtan Emirate. He most likely reigned during late 13th century-early 14th century. the Azizan dynasty were originally Yezidis but converted to Sunni Islam by 14th century. according to Sharafkhan Bitlisi, The Azizanids claimed to be decscandant of an Umayyad caliph by the name of "Khalid ibn Walid" , via a son of his named Sulayman. However, There's no Umayyad caliph with the name Khalid ibn Walid; perhaps Sharafkhan meant Yazid III Walid, nicknamed Abu Khalid. References Sources *{{citation , author-last=Ghalib, author-first=Sabah Abdullah , title=The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Emp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jumu'ah
Friday prayer, or congregational prayer (), is the meeting together of Muslims for communal prayer and service at midday every Friday. In Islam, the day itself is called ''Yawm al-Jum'ah'' (shortened to ''Jum'ah''), which translated from Arabic means "Day of Meeting", "Day of Assembly" or "Day of Congregation". On this day, all Muslim men are expected to meet and participate at the designated place of meeting and prostration / mosque, with certain exceptions due to distance and situation. Women and children can also participate but do not fall under the same obligation that men do. In many Muslim countries, the Workweek and weekend, weekend is inclusive of Fridays, and in others, Fridays are half-days for schools and some workplaces. It is one of the most exalted Islamic rituals and one of its confirmed obligatory acts. Service The meeting services consists of several parts including ritual washing, chants, recitation of scripture and prayer, and sermons or discussions. Ritual w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin Van Bruinessen
Martin van Bruinessen is a Dutch anthropologist and author, who has published a number of publications on the Kurdish, Indonesian, Turkish, Persian cultures, and also on aspects of Islam as a whole. He taught the sociology of religion at the State Institute of Islamic Studies of Yogyakarta, Indonesia and has been teaching Kurdish and Turkish studies at Utrecht University Utrecht University (UU; , formerly ''Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht'') is a public university, public research university in Utrecht, Netherlands. Established , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands. In 2023, it had an enrollment of ..., the Netherlands since 1994 as associate professor. He shifted his emphasis in 1998 to a broader scope, Islamic Studies, after becoming Professor of the Comparative Study of Contemporary Muslim Societies at Utrecht University. He also wrote and researched some issues of the early stages of Islam in Java. References Personal Profile Utrecht University Exte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urmia
Urmia (; ) is the largest city in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. In the Central District of Urmia County, it is capital of the province, the county, and the district. The city is situated near the borders of Iran with Turkey and Iraq. The city lies at an altitude of above sea level along the Shahar River on the Urmia Plain. Lake Urmia, one of the world's largest salt lakes, lies to the east of the city, and the border with Turkey lies to the west. The city is the trading center for a fertile agricultural region where fruits (especially apples and grapes) and tobacco are grown. Even though the majority of the residents of Urmia are Muslims, the Christian history of Urmia is well preserved and is especially evident in the city's many churches and cathedrals. An important town by the 9th century, the city has had a diverse population which has at times included Muslims (Shias and Sunnis), Christians (Catholics, Protestants, Nestorians, and Orthodox), Jews, Baháʼ� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Nezib
The Battle of Nezib () (present-day Nizip) was fought on 24 June 1839 between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire. The Egyptians were led by Ibrahim Pasha, while the Ottomans were led by Çerkes Hafız Mehmed Paşa, with Helmuth von Moltke the Elder playing an advisory role, in command of the Ottoman artillery. Battle Several hours prior to when the major combat began, von Moltke had pleaded Çerkes Hafız Mehmed Paşa to withdraw to a more secure and fortified position near Birecik and to await expected reinforcements, as Çerkes Hafız Mehmed Paşa's forces were outmatched in quality by the advancing Egyptians. Initially Hafiz acquiesced to Moltke, but not long after he decided to maintain his army's position, due to the advice of his mullah Mullah () is an honorific title for Islam, Muslim clergy and mosque Imam, leaders. The term is widely used in Iran and Afghanistan and is also used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and Sharia, sharia law. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edict Of Gülhane
The Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerifi ("Supreme Edict of the Rosehouse") or Tanzimât Fermânı ("Imperial Edict of Reorganization") was a proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I in 1839 that launched the Tanzimât period of reforms and reorganization in the Ottoman Empire. The 125th anniversary of the edict was depicted on a former Turkish postcard stamp. The proclamation was issued at the behest of reformist Grand Vizier Mustafa Reşid Pasha. It promised reforms such as the abolition of tax farming, reform of conscription, and guarantee of rights to all Ottoman citizens regardless of religion or ethnic group. The goal of the decree was to help modernize the empire militarily and socially so that it could compete with the Great Powers of Europe. It also was hoped the reforms would win over the disaffected parts of the empire, especially in the Ottoman controlled parts of Europe, which were largely Christian. At the time of the edict, millets (independent communal law-c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centralism
Centralisation or centralization (American English) is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning, decision-making, and framing strategies and policies, become concentrated within a particular group within that organisation. This creates a power structure where the said group occupies the highest level of hierarchy and has significantly more authority and influence over the other groups, who are considered its subordinates. An antonym of ''centralisation'' is '' decentralisation'', where authority is shared among numerous different groups, allowing varying degree of autonomy for each. The term has a variety of meanings in several fields. In political science, centralisation refers to the concentration of a government's power—both geographically and politically—into a centralised government, which has sovereignty over all its administrative divisions. Conversely, a decentralised system of government often has significant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Pasha Of Rawanduz
Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz (Kurdish language, Kurdish: ''Mîr Mihemed Paşa'', ; also known as ''Mirê Kor,'' Kor Mir- the "blind prince"; born in Rawandiz; 1783–1838) was the Kurds, Kurdish Mir (title), Mir of the Soran Emirate (1813–1838). He led an unsuccessful attack against the Bohtan, Emirate of Botan of Bedir Khan Beg in 1834. Mir Kor had the title of Mir (title), Mir-i miran "Mir of mirs". Under Emir Kor, the Soran emirate developed a powerful army. It consisted of between 30 and 50,000 tribal musketeers who were given regular salaries, having the appearance of a national army. pp.94–98. Kor himself ate each evening with 100-200 soldiers from different tribes. A multitude of different tribes joined his army such as the Rewendek, Sidek, Shirwani, Rusuri, Malibas, Muzuri (tribe), Muzuri, Sheikhab, Nurik, Kheilani, Khoshnaw, Hnearai, Herki (tribe), Herki, Sheikh Mahmudi, Kassan, Derijiki, Bamami, Sekw, Shikuli, Mendik, Baimar, Balak (tribe), Balak, and Piraji. Muhammad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soran Emirate
Soran Emirate () was a medieval Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by Ottoman Empire in 1514 and later revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1836. Kor was ousted in an offensive by the Ottomans. Early years While no date has been established for the origin of the Soran Emirate, Kurdish historian Sharafkhan Bidlisi mentions the Emirate in Sharafnama in 1597 as established by a shepherd named ''Isa''. Bitlisi claims that villagers quickly followed the popular Isa and attacked the Rewan Castle where they established themselves. They took the name ''Soran'' meaning ''from red'' after the red stones near the castle. Qadir Muhammad Muhammad writes that the emirate was likely established sometime between the 1330s and 1430s. Years later, during the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 between the Ottomans and the Safavids, the Emirate was able to conquer land between Erbil and Kirkuk. In 1534, Emir Ezaddin Sher was executed by Suleiman the Magnificen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ain Sifni
Ain Sifni (, , ) also known as Shekhan (), is a town and subdistrict in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. It is located in the Shekhan District in the Nineveh Plains. Ain Sifni is largely populated by Yazidis, most of whom speak Kurmanji Kurdish. In the town, there is a Chaldean Catholic church of Mar Yousif, and a church of Mar Gewargis of the Ancient Church of the East. There are also seven Yazidi religious monuments, including mausoleums of Sheikh ‘Alî Chamse and Sheikh Hantuch, and shrines of Sheikh Adi, Nishingaha Peroz, and Sheikh Mushelleh. Etymology The Kurdish name of the town is derived from the plural form of "sheikh" ("holy man" in Kurdish), and thus translates to " he land of theholy men". According to Yazidi tradition, Shekhan means "two sheikhs" and referred to the first time that Abdulqadir Gilani, founder of Qadiriyya, and Adi ibn Musafir, founder of Adawiyya, had met, which was on the site of what later became Shekhan. The Arabic name, Ain Sifni, is interpr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yazidis
Yazidis, also spelled Yezidis (; ), are a Kurdish languages, Kurdish-speaking Endogamy, endogamous religious group indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran. The majority of Yazidis remaining in the Middle East today live in Iraq, primarily in the Governorates of Iraq, governorates of Nineveh Governorate, Nineveh and Duhok Governorate, Duhok. There is a disagreement among scholars and in Yazidi circles on whether the Yazidi people are a distinct ethnoreligious group or a religious sub-group of the Kurds, an Iranian peoples, Iranic ethnic group. Yazidism is the ethnic religion of the Yazidi people and is Monotheism, monotheistic in nature, having roots in a Ancient Iranian religion, pre-Zoroastrian Iranic faith. Since the spread of Islam began with the early Muslim conquests of the 7th–8th centuries, Persecution of Yazidis, Yazidis have faced persecution by Arabs and later by Turkish people, Turks, as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
