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Battle Of Mosul (1745)
The Battle of Kars (19 August 1745) was the last major engagement of the Ottoman–Persian War. The battle resulted in the complete and utter destruction of the Ottoman army. It was also the last of the great military triumphs of Nader Shah. The battle was in fact fought over a period of ten days in which the first day saw the Ottomans routed from the field, followed by a series of subsequent blockades and pursuits until the final destruction of the Ottoman army. The severity of the defeat, in conjunction with another defeat near Mosul, ended any hopes of Ottoman victory and forced them to enter into negotiations with a significantly weaker position than they would otherwise have occupied. Ottoman armies march east During Nader's last punitive expedition in Dagestan, the Persian army moved south after devastating the region with many settlements razed to the ground and their inhabitants put to the sword. On June 14, 1745 Nader returned to Derbent remaining there for month ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)
The Ottoman–Persian War of 1743–1746 or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1743–1746 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran. Background Persia attempted to ratify the Treaty of Constantinople (1736), Treaty of Constantinople, by demanding that the Ja'fari, also known as the Imamiyyah was to be accepted as a fifth legal Islamic schools and branches, sect of Islam. In 1743, Nader Shah declared war on the Ottoman Empire. He demanded the surrender of Baghdad. The Persians had captured Baghdad in 1623 and Mosul in 1624, but the Ottomans had recaptured Mosul in 1625 and Baghdad in 1638. The Treaty of Zuhab in 1639 between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Iran, Safavid Empire had resulted in peace for 85 years. During the fall of the Safavid dynasty, Russia and the Ottoman Empire agreed to divide the northwest and the Caspian region of Persia, but with the advent of Nader Shah, the Russians and the Turks withdrew from the region. Nader Shah waged war against the Ottoma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Litter (vehicle)
The litter is a class of wheelless vehicles, a type of human-powered transport, for the transport of people. Smaller litters may take the form of open chairs or beds carried by two or more carriers, some being enclosed for protection from the elements. Larger litters, for example those of the Chinese emperors, may resemble small rooms upon a platform borne upon the shoulders of a dozen or more people. To most efficiently carry a litter, porters either place the carrying poles directly upon their shoulders or use a yoke to transfer the load from the carrying poles to the shoulders. Definitions A simple litter consists of a sling attached along its length to poles or stretched inside a frame. The poles or frame are carried by porters in front and behind. Such simple litters are common on battlefields and emergency situations, where terrain prohibits wheeled vehicles from carrying away the dead and wounded. Litters can also be created quickly by the lashing of poles to a chair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics of Turkey, population of Turkey. Istanbul is among the List of European cities by population within city limits, largest cities in Europe and List of cities proper by population, in the world by population. It is a city on two continents; about two-thirds of its population live in Europe and the rest in Asia. Istanbul straddles the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its area of is coterminous with Istanbul Province. Istanbul's climate is Mediterranean climate, Mediterranean. The city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. Byzantium was founded on the Sarayburnu promontory by Greek colonisation, Greek col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantinople
Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empires between its consecration in 330 until 1930, when it was renamed to Istanbul. Initially as New Rome, Constantinople was founded in 324 during the reign of Constantine the Great on the site of the existing settlement of Byzantium, and shortly thereafter in 330 became the capital of the Roman Empire. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, Constantinople remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire; 330–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish capital then moved to Ankara. Although the city had been known as Istanbul since 1453, it was officially renamed as Is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jahangusha-i Naderi
The ''Jahangosha-ye Naderi'' () is a Persian-language historical chronicle on the events during the reign of Nader Shah (), the Afsharid shah (king) of Iran. It was composed in the 1750s by Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, Nader Shah's court historian and official historiographer. It is among the most important records of Nader Shah's rule. The title "''Jahangosha-ye Naderi''", which originally read "''Tarikh-e Naderi''", is a reference to Ata-Malik Juvayni's history of the Mongol Empire, the ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay''. Despite this, the two books do not share many close similarities in their style or structure. Astarabadi was unsure of how to honor Nader Shah because of the succession disputes that emerged in Iran after his death. A brief line at the end of several editions of Astarabadi's work clarified that the author's intention was to document Nader Shah's life events rather than to address the turmoil that had developed following his death. A short homage to Mohammad Hasan Khan Q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hors De Combat
''Hors de combat'' (; ) is a French term used in the laws of war to refer to persons who are incapable of performing their combat duties during war, thus generally not treated as active combatants but rather protected persons. Examples include persons parachuting from their disabled aircraft, shipwreck survivors, as well as the sick, wounded, detained, or otherwise disabled. Intentional hostility from assumed ''hors de combat'' persons removes any legal protection on their part and renders them as active combatants once again. Under the 1949 Geneva Conventions, enemy combatants ''hors de combat'' are non-combatants and automatically granted the status of protected persons. Lawful combatants ''hors de combat'' receive prisoner of war (POW) status and cannot be prosecuted for simply partaking in hostilities. Unlawful combatants ''hors de combat'' do not receive the same privilege and are subject to trial and punishment (which may include capital punishment if the detaining powe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kars Kalesi
Kars ( or ; ; ) is a city in northeast Turkey. It is the seat of Kars Province and Kars District.İl Belediyesi , Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023. As of 2022, its population was 91,450. Kars, in classical historiography (), was in the ancient region known as ''Chorzene'' (), part of the province of in the Kingdom of Armenia, and later the |
Mosul Eyalet
Mosul Eyalet (; ) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was . Although the eyalet was overwhelmingly Kurdish, the city of Mosul itself was largely inhabited by Arabs. Playfair, James (1813)A System of Geography: Ancient and Modern Peter Hill. History Sultan Selim I defeated the army of Shah Ismail at the Battle of Çaldiran, but it wasn't until 1517 that Ottoman armies gained control of Mosul, which remained a frontier garrison city until the 1534 capture of Baghdad. The eyalet was established in 1535. Mosul then became one of three Ottoman administrative territorial units of ‘Irāk. In the 1840s, the Sanjak of Cizre, which before was a part of the Emirate of Bohtan in the Diyarbekir Eyalet, was added to the Mosul Eyalet, which led to an unsuccessful Kurdish revolt against the Ottoman Empire, led by Bedir Khan Beg. Administrative divisions Sanjaks of Mosul Eyalet in the 17th century: # Sanjak of Bajwanli # Sanjak of Tekrit # Sanjak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Mosul (1745)
The Battle of Kars (19 August 1745) was the last major engagement of the Ottoman–Persian War. The battle resulted in the complete and utter destruction of the Ottoman army. It was also the last of the great military triumphs of Nader Shah. The battle was in fact fought over a period of ten days in which the first day saw the Ottomans routed from the field, followed by a series of subsequent blockades and pursuits until the final destruction of the Ottoman army. The severity of the defeat, in conjunction with another defeat near Mosul, ended any hopes of Ottoman victory and forced them to enter into negotiations with a significantly weaker position than they would otherwise have occupied. Ottoman armies march east During Nader's last punitive expedition in Dagestan, the Persian army moved south after devastating the region with many settlements razed to the ground and their inhabitants put to the sword. On June 14, 1745 Nader returned to Derbent remaining there for month ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encirclement
Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces. The situation is highly dangerous for the encircled force. At the military strategy, strategic level, it cannot receive Military logistics, supplies or reinforcements, and on the military tactics, tactical level, the units in the force can be subject to an attack from several sides. Lastly, since the force cannot withdrawal (military), retreat, unless it is relief (military), relieved or can break out, it must fight to the death or surrender (military), surrender. A special kind of encirclement is the siege. In that case, the encircled forces are enveloped in a fortification, fortified position in which long-lasting supplies and strong defences are in place, allowing them to withstand attacks. Sieges have taken place in almost all eras of warfare. History Encirclement has been used throughout the centuries by military leaders, including generals such as Alex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shamshir
A shamshir () is a type of Persian/Iranian sword with a radical curve. The name is derived from the Persian word ''shamshīr'', which is made of two words ''sham'' ("fang") and ''shir'' ("lion"). The curved " scimitar" sword family includes the shamshir, kilij, talwar, pulwar, and nimcha. A ''shamshir shekargar'' () is the same as a ''shamshir'', except the blade is engraved and decorated, usually with hunting scenes. Description Originally, Persian swords were straight and double edged. Curved sabre blades were Central Asian in origin. There is considerable disagreement between historians as to when these curved blades were first introduced from Central Asia into Persia, and over what period they became adopted and modified into the recognizable Shamshir. Curved blades began to appear in Persia in the 9th century, when these weapons were used by soldiers in the Khorasan region of Central Asia but were not widely adopted. The sword now called a "shamshir" was developed in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Yeghevārd
The Battle of Yeghevārd, also known as the Battle of Baghavard or Morad Tapeh, was the final major engagement of the Ottoman–Persian War of (1730–1735) where the principal Ottoman army in the Caucasus theatre under Koprulu Pasha's command was utterly destroyed by only the advance guard of Nader's army before the main Persian army could enter into the fray. The complete rout of Koprulu Pasha's forces led to a number of besieged Ottoman strongholds in the theatre surrendering as any hope of relief proved ephemeral in light of the crushing defeat at Yeghevārd. One of Nader's most impressive battlefield victories, in which he decimated a force four or five times the size of his own, it helped establish his reputation as a military genius and stands alongside many of his other great triumphs such as at Karnal, Mihmandoost or Kirkuk. Background The Caucasus theatre, alongside the Mesopotamian theatre was one of the key regions where Ottoman and Persian empires had fought ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
