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Bathyspadella
''Bathyspadella'' is a genus of chaetognaths in the family Spadellidae. The genus shares morphological similarities to Eukrohniidae and Spadellidae, although it is molecularly similar to Heterokrohniidae. The unusual position of ''Bathyspadella'' would indicate a need to revise the existing order of Phragmophora; however, that would be very difficult, as a number of genera and species exist only in small or difficult to access populations, by which it would be difficult to fully examine all related species. A review of the Chaetognatha, published after the discovery of ''B. oxydentata'', found that the standard division of Phragmophora and Aphragmophora to be improper molecularly, noting the close morphological convergence of the Krohnittidae (Aphragmophora) and ''Xenokrohnia'' (Phragmophora: Heterokrohniidae Heterokrohniidae is a family of sagittoideans in the order Phragmophora Phragmophora is an order of sagittoideans in the phylum Chaetognatha. Families * Eukrohniida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bathyspadella Edentata
''Bathyspadella'' is a genus of chaetognaths in the family Spadellidae. The genus shares morphological similarities to Eukrohniidae and Spadellidae, although it is molecularly similar to Heterokrohniidae. The unusual position of ''Bathyspadella'' would indicate a need to revise the existing order of Phragmophora; however, that would be very difficult, as a number of genera and species exist only in small or difficult to access populations, by which it would be difficult to fully examine all related species. A review of the Chaetognatha, published after the discovery of ''B. oxydentata'', found that the standard division of Phragmophora and Aphragmophora to be improper molecularly, noting the close morphological convergence of the Krohnittidae (Aphragmophora) and '' Xenokrohnia'' (Phragmophora: Heterokrohniidae Heterokrohniidae is a family of sagittoideans in the order Phragmophora. Genera *''Archeterokrohnia'' Casanova, 1986 *''Heterokrohnia'' von Ritter-Záhony, 1911von R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spadellidae
Spadellidae is a family of sagittoideans in the order Phragmophora. Spadellidae prey on plankton and commonly reside in the epipelagic zone of the ocean. Genera *''Bathyspadella'' Tokioka, 1939Tokioka, T. (1939). Three new chaetognaths from Japanese waters. ''Memoirs of the Imperial Marine Observatory'', 7, 129–139. *''Calispadella'' Casanova & Moreau, 2005Casanova, J. Moreau, X. (2005). ''Calispadella alata'' n. gen., n. sp., the first chaetognath recorded from a hydrothermal vent site (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). ''Journal of Plankton Research'', 27(2), 221–225. *''Hemispadella'' Casanova, 1996Casanova, J. (1996). A new genus and species of deep benthic chaetognath from the Atlantic: a probable link between the families Heterokrohniidae and Spadellidae. ''Journal of Natural History'', 30, 1239–1245. *''Paraspadella'' von Salvini-Plawen, 1986von Salvini-Plawen, L. (1986). Systematic notes on ''Spadella'' and on the Chaetognatha in general. ''Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. '' Panthera leo'' (lion) and '' Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chaetognatha
The Chaetognatha or chaetognaths (meaning ''bristle-jaws'') are a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide. Commonly known as arrow worms, about 20% of the known Chaetognatha species are benthic, and can attach to algae and rocks. They are found in all marine waters, from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions. Most chaetognaths are transparent and are torpedo shaped, but some deep-sea species are orange. They range in size from . There are more than 120 modern species assigned to over 20 genera. Despite the limited diversity of species, the number of individuals is large. Arrow worms are usually considered a type of protostome that do not belong to either Ecdysozoa or Lophotrochozoa. Anatomy Chaetognaths are transparent or translucent dart-shaped animals covered by a cuticle. The body is divided into a distinct head, trunk, and tail. There are between four and fourteen hooked, grasping spin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family ( la, familia, plural ') is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukrohniidae
Eukrohniidae is a family of sagittoideans in the order Phragmophora. It consists of a single genus, ''Eukrohnia'' von Ritter-Záhony, 1909.von Ritter-Za'hony, R. (1909). Die Chaetognathen der Gazelle-Expedition. ''Zoologischer Anzeiger'', 34, 787–793. History The first species of Eukrohniidae, ''Eukrohnia hamata'', was identified by Karl Möbius in 1875. The genus was named ''Eukrohnia'' by R. von Ritter-Záhony in 1909 after August David Krohn. The family was named ''Eukrohniidae'' by Takasi Tokioka in 1965. One of the species, ''Eukrohnia fowleri'', is bioluminescent.Thuesen, E. V., Goetz, F. E. & Haddock, S. H. (2010). Bioluminescent organs of two deep-sea arrow worms, ''Eukrohnia fowleri'' and ''Caecosagitta macrocephala'', with further observations on bioluminescence in chaetognaths. ''Biological Bulletin'', 219(2), 100–111. Species *''Eukrohnia bathyantarctica'' David, 1958David, P. (1958). A new species of ''Eukrohnia'' from the southern Ocean with a note on fertil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterokrohniidae
Heterokrohniidae is a family of sagittoideans in the order Phragmophora. Genera *''Archeterokrohnia'' Casanova, 1986 *''Heterokrohnia'' von Ritter-Záhony, 1911von Ritter-Záhony, R. (1911). Revision der Chatognathen. ''Deutsche Südpolar Expedition, 1901–1903'', 13, 1–71. *''Xenokrohnia ''Xenokrohnia'' is a genus of chaetognaths in the family Heterokrohniidae. It consists of one species, ''Xenokrohnia sorbei'' Casanova, 1993, which lives in a marine environment. The initial discovery was made from six specimens found in a deep- ...'' Casanova, 1993Casanova, J. (1992). A new genus and species of deep-sea chaetognath from the Bay of Biscal with a strange ventral secretory gland. ''Journal of Natural History'', 27(2), 445–455. References Chaetognatha Protostome families {{Chaetognatha-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phragmophora
Phragmophora is an order of sagittoideans in the phylum Chaetognatha. Families *Eukrohniidae Tokioka, 1965 * Heterokrohniidae Casanova, 1985Casanova, J. (1985). Description de l'appareil génital primitif du genre ''Heterokrohnia'' et nouvelle classification des Chaetognathes. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris'', 301(8), 397–402. *Krohnittellidae Bieri, 1989Bieri, R. (1989). Krohnittellidae and Bathybelidae, new families in the phylum Chaetognatha; the rejection of the family Tokiokaispadellidae and the genera ''Tokiokaisapadella'', ''Zahonya'', and ''Aberrospadella''. ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'', 102(4), 973–976. * Spadellidae Tokioka, 1965 See also * Taxonomy of invertebrates (Brusca & Brusca, 2003) *Taxonomy of the animals (Hutchins et al., 2003) The taxonomy of the animals presented by Hutchins ''et al.'' in 2003Hutchins, M. et al. (eds.). ''Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia'', 2nd ed., 17 vols., ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphragmophora
Aphragmophora is an order of sagittodieans in the phylum Chaetognatha The Chaetognatha or chaetognaths (meaning ''bristle-jaws'') are a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide. Commonly known as arrow worms, about 20% of the known Chaetognatha species are benthic, and ca .... Families * Bathybelidae Bieri, 1989Bieri, R. (1989). Krohnittellidae and Bathybelidae, new families in the phylum Chaetognatha; the rejection of the family Tokiokaispadellidae and the genera ''Tokiokaisapadella'', ''Zahonya'', and ''Aberrospadella''. ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'', 102(4), 973–976. * Krohnittidae Tokioka, 1965 * Pterokrohniidae Bieri, 1991Bieri, R. (1991). Systematics of the Chaetognatha. In Bone, Q., Kapp, H. & Pierrot-Bults, A. (Eds.), ''The Biology of Chaetognaths''. Oxford: Oxford University. * Pterosagittidae Tokioka, 1965 * Sagittidae Claus & Grobben, 1905Claus, C. & Grobben, K. (1905). ''Lehrbuch der Zoologie'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krohnittidae
Krohnittidae is a family of chaetognaths in the order Aphragmophora. It consists of a single genus, ''Krohnitta'' von Ritter-Záhony, 1910.von Ritter-Záhony, R. (1910). Die Chätognathen. ''Fauna Artica'', 5(1), 249–288. Species *''Krohnitta balagopali'' Nair, Panampunnayil, Pillai & Gireesh, 2008Nair, V., Panampunnayil, S., Pillai, H. & Gireesh, R. (2008). Two new species of Chaetognatha from the Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean. ''Marine Biology Research'', 4(3), 208–214. *''Krohnitta pacifica'' (Aida, 1897)Aida, T. (1897). ''Chaetognaths of Misaki Harbor''. Tokyo: Imperial University. *''Krohnitta subtilis Krohnittidae is a family of chaetognaths in the order Aphragmophora Aphragmophora is an order of sagittodieans in the phylum Chaetognatha. Families * Bathybelidae Bieri, 1989Bieri, R. (1989). Krohnittellidae and Bathybelidae, new families i ...'' (Grassi, 1881)Grassi, B. (1881). I Chaetognathi. Anatomia e sistematica con aggiunte embriologiche. ''Memorie della Classe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenokrohnia
''Xenokrohnia'' is a genus of chaetognaths in the family Heterokrohniidae. It consists of one species, ''Xenokrohnia sorbei'' Casanova, 1993, which lives in a marine environment. The initial discovery was made from six specimens found in a deep-sea search in the Bay of Biscay for ''Spadella equidentata'' Casanova, 1987. A uniquely large (ventral) secretory gland, separate from other chaetognaths, defined the new genus and species. The gland, which is likely used to rid the body of digestive fluids, is probably due to the unique feeding habits of the species; these may include scavenging habits. The presence of an unusual and seemingly superfluous digestive utility is similar to ''Archeterokrohnia ''Archeterokrohnia'' is a genus of chaetognaths in the family Heterokrohniidae Heterokrohniidae is a family of sagittoideans in the order Phragmophora Phragmophora is an order of sagittoideans in the phylum Chaetognatha. Families * Eukr ... palpifera'' Casanova, 1986,Casanov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
