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Bali Kingdom
The Kingdomship of Bali (Balinese: ᭚ᬓᭂᬭᬚ᭡ᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ; romanized: ''Kĕrajaan Bali'') was a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. With a history of native Balinese kingship spanning from the early 10th to early 20th centuries, Balinese kingdoms demonstrated sophisticated Balinese court culture where native elements of spirit and ancestral reverence combined with Hindu influences—adopted from India through ancient Java intermediary—flourished, enriched and shaped Balinese culture. Because of its proximity and close cultural relations with the neighbouring island of Java during the Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist period, the history of the Bali Kingdom was often intertwined with and heavily influenced by its Javanese counterparts, from Mataram (c. 9th century) to the Majapahit empire in the 13th to 15th centuries. The culture, language, arts and architecture of the island w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian Language
Indonesian (; ) is the official language, official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standard language, standardized variety (linguistics), variety of Malay language, Malay, an Austronesian languages, Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. With over 280 million inhabitants, Indonesia ranks as the list of countries by population, fourth-most populous nation globally. According to the 2020 census, over 97% of Indonesians are fluent in Indonesian, making it the largest language by number of speakers in Southeast Asia and one of the List of languages by total number of speakers, most widely spoken languages in the world.James Neil Sneddon. ''The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society''. UNSW Press, 2004. Indonesian vocabulary has been influenced by various native regional languages such as Javanese language, Javanese, Sundanese language, Sundanese, Minangkabau language, Min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samprangan
Samprangan, also spelt Samplangan, is a historical site on Bali, Indonesia. It is situated about one kilometer to the east of Gianyar town. According to Balinese historical tradition, it was the first residence of the dynasty of kings of Bali who descended from the Javanese Majapahit Empire An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outpost (military), outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a hegemony, dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the ..., being established after the Javanese conquest of Bali in 1343. After a few generations, in the late 14th or 15th century, Samprangan was replaced as royal residence by Gelgel further to the east (in the present-day Klungkung regency).Eric Oey, ''Bali, Island of the Gods''. Singapore: Periplus 1990, pp. 22-3; M.J. Wiener, ''Visible and Invisible Realms; Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali''. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anak Wungsu
Anak Wungçu read as Anak Wungsu was the youngest brother of Airlangga, who succeeded him as the ruler of Bali and Java. He was part of the Wangsa (Dynasty) of Warmadewa (Warmadewa dynasty). During His reign, Anak Wungsu's territory stretches from north to south. The kingdom is in a state of security and peace. Reign Anak Wungsu reigned from 1049 CE/AD or 970 Saka calendar to 1077 CE/AD or 998 Saka calendar. Anak Wungsu had no descendants. His queen was known as Batari Mandul. Anak Wungsu's reign left 28 short inscriptions, some of which were found in Goa Gajah, Gunung Kawi (Tampak Siring), Gunung Panulisan and Sangsit. See also * History of Bali * Pujungan Inscription * List of monarchs of Bali This is a list of monarchs of the Bali Kingdom, an island in the List of islands of Indonesia, Indonesian archipelago. Included are, first, rulers on an island-wide level, and, second, rajas of minor states that arose in the 17th and 18th centuries ... References *Pringle,Robert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Udayana Warmadewa
Udayana Warmadewa, also Udayana the Great or Dharmmodayana Warmadewa, was a king of the island of Bali in the 10th century. He belongs to the Warmadewa dynasty. He was married to the Javanese queen Mahendradatta, also known as Gunapriyadharmapatni. Their son was the famous Airlangga, who replaced the overthrown emperor of Java Dharmawangsa, and ruled in both Java and his original home of Bali. Mahendradatta and Udayana co-ruled Bali, issuing inscriptions in both their names. Legacy Udayana is known as one of the earliest historical figures of ancient Bali. His identification as the father of the famous Airlangga, the hero-king of Java, has led him to be a prominent figure in Balinese history on par with ancient Java. As a result, his name is associated with Balinese past greatness. In 1962 the Udayana University (), a public university was established in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. The university's name was derived from this king. Also, the Indonesian Army named their Bali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dewa Agung
Dewa Agung or Deva Agung was the title of the kings of Klungkung, the foremost in rank among the nine kingdoms of Bali, Indonesia. It was also borne by other high-ranking members of the dynasty. The term Dewa means "god" and was also a general title for members of the Ksatria caste. Agung translates as "high" or "great". Literally, the title therefore means Great God. The rulers of Gelgel, who claimed authority over entire Bali and surrounding territories up to the late 17th century, were usually known by the royal title Dalem, literally "inside". After 1686, descendants of the old Gelgel line resided in the Klungkung Palace, a few kilometers north of Gelgel, and adopted the new title. Their direct authority encompassed a rather small territory around the palace, and the nearby island Nusa Penida. They were acknowledged by the other Balinese lords as having a ritual precedence position, although their ability to impose their will on the other eight kings were limited. An impo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dalem (Raja)
Dalem was a title for the kings of Bali who resided in Samprangan and Gelgel and were descended from the founder-raja Sri Aji Kresna Kepakisan (mid-14th century?). These kings ruled the island, or at least substantial parts thereof, from maybe the 14th century to the second half of the 17th century. The title literally means "inside" (the Indonesian word ''dalam'' has the same meaning), and alludes to his ritual-symbolic role inside the palace (puri). The title is first found in a Dutch report from 1619, which says that the Radia Dalam (Raja Dalem) was the paramount ruler of 33 lesser Balinese lords. The title is used in the chronicle Babad Dalem from the 18th century, which recounts the history of the kings of Bali up the end of the 17th century. After the fall of the Gelgel kingdom in 1686, a daughter kingdom was established in nearby Klungkung. However, the rulers of the Klungkung Palace were usually known by another title, Dewa Agung. In the literature, Dewa Agung is sometimes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maharaja
Maharaja (also spelled Maharajah or Maharaj; ; feminine: Maharani) is a royal title in Indian subcontinent, Indian subcontinent of Sanskrit origin. In modern India and Medieval India, medieval northern India, the title was equivalent to a prince. However, in late ancient India and History of South India, medieval south India, the title denoted a king. The form "Maharaj" (without "-a") indicates a separation of noble and religious offices, although since in Marathi the suffix ''-a'' is silent, the two titles are near homophones. Historically, the title "Maharaja" has been used by kings since Vedic period, Vedic times and also in the second century by the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek rulers (such as the kings Apollodotus I and Menander I) and then later by the Indo-Scythians (such as the king Maues), and also the Kushans as a higher ranking variant of "Raja". Eventually, during the medieval era, the title "Maharaja" came to be used by sovereignty, sovereign princes and vassal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raja
Raja (; from , IAST ') is a noble or royal Sanskrit title historically used by some Indian subcontinent, Indian rulers and monarchs and highest-ranking nobles. The title was historically used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The title has a long history in South Asia and History of Southeast Asia, Southeast Asia, being attested from the ''Rigveda'', where a ' is a Rigvedic tribes, ruler, see for example the Battle of the Ten Kings, ', the "Battle of Ten Kings". The title has equivalent cognates in other Indo-European languages, notably the Latin Rex (title), Rex and the Celtic languages, Celtic Rix. Raja-ruled Indian states While most of the British Raj, Indian salute states (those granted a Salute#Heavy arms: gun salutes, gun salute by the The Crown, British Crown) were ruled by a Maharaja (or variation; some promoted from an earlier Raja- or equivalent style), even exclusively from 13 guns up, a number had Rajas: ; Hereditary salutes of 11-guns : * the R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balinese Malay
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called ''Bazaar Malay'' or ''low Malay'' and in Malay ''Melayu Pasar''. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with ''punya'' 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with ''orang'' 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were ''tər-'' and ''bər-''. Other common features: *''Ada'' became a progressive particle. *Reduced forms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumbawa Language
Sumbawa (; ) or Sumbawarese is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the western half of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, which it shares with speakers of Bima. It is closely related to the languages of adjacent Lombok and Bali; indeed, it is the easternmost Austronesian language in the south of Indonesia that is not part of the Central Malayo-Polynesian ''Sprachbund A sprachbund (, from , 'language federation'), also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, or diffusion area, is a group of languages that share areal features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact. Th ...''. The Sumbawa write their language with their own native script commonly known in their homeland as Satera Jontal and they also use the Latin script. Phonology Consonants Vowels can also have allophones of . References {{Western Malayo-Polynesian languages Languages of Indonesia Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages Sumbawa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osing Language
The Osing language (Osing: ''Basa Using''; ), locally known as ''the language of Banyuwangi'', is the Modern Javanese dialect of the Osing people of East Java, Indonesia. The Osing dialect uses a special diphthongization (changing the vowel ''i'' to ''ai'' and the vowel ''u'' to ''au'') which is not found in any other Javanese dialect. Some Osing words have the infix /-y-/ 'ngumbyah', 'kidyang', which are pronounced /ngumbah/ and /kidang/ in standard Javanese, respectively. A dictionary of the language was published in 2002 by Hasan Ali, an advocate for the language's use in Banyuwangi. Vocabulary Divergent Osing vocabulary includes: *''osing/sing'' 'not' (standard Javanese: ''ora'') *''paran'' 'what' (standard Javanese: ''åpå'' Paran in standard Javanese mean existing) *''kadhung'' 'if" (standard Javanese: yèn, lèk, nèk, dhonge) *''kelendhi'' 'how' (standard Javanese: kepiyè, piyè) *''maning'' 'again' (standard Javanese: manèh, the Banyumasan dialect and so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
