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BAMO
3,3-Bis(azidomethyl)oxetane (BAMO) is a oxetane monomer used in energetic propellant binders and plasticizer. It is frequently used as a copolymer to improve the traditional polymers and to give them energetic properties. Preperation BAMO is made by reacting BCMO with sodium azide in an alkaline solution. Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide is used as a phase-transfer catalyst in the reaction. PolyBAMO can be made by mixing boron trifluoride diethyl etherate and BAMO in trimethylolpropane. The polymerization of BAMO destroys the oxetane ring, but the azide In chemistry, azide is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula and structure . It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid . Organic azides are organic compounds with the formula , containing the azide functional group. The dominant ... groups remain intact. References Oxetanes Monomers Plasticizers Organoazides {{Polymer-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane
3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane (BCMO) is a useful monomer in the field of energetic materials for synthesis of poly(bis(azidomethyl)oxetane (PolyBAMO), which is being researched by numerous militaries around the world. Poly-BAMO is an energetic polymer that have potential to replace the current propellant binder formulations. ttp://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a377866.pdf It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. It can cause kidney damage, lacrimation, and somnolence if consumed. Preparation and reaction BCMO is formed in solution via cyclization of pentaerythritol trichlorohydrin with a non-organic base like sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxetane
Oxetane, or 1,3-propylene oxide, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the molecular formula , having a four-membered ring with three carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. The term "an oxetane" or "oxetanes" refer to any organic compound containing the oxetane ring. Production A typical well-known method of preparation is the reaction of potassium hydroxide with 3-chloropropyl acetate at 150 °C: : Yield of oxetane made this way is c. 40%, as the synthesis can lead to a variety of by-products. Another possible reaction to form an oxetane ring is the Paternò–Büchi reaction. The oxetane ring can also be formed through diol cyclization as well as through decarboxylation of a six-membered cyclic carbonate. Taxol Paclitaxel (Taxol) is an example of a natural product containing an oxetane ring. Taxol has become a major point of interest among researchers due to its unusual structure and success in the involvement of cancer treatment. The attached oxetane ring is an imp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monomer
In chemistry, a monomer ( ; ''mono-'', "one" + '' -mer'', "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization. Classification Monomers can be classified in many ways. They can be subdivided into two broad classes, depending on the kind of the polymer that they form. Monomers that participate in condensation polymerization have a different stoichiometry than monomers that participate in addition polymerization: : Other classifications include: *natural vs synthetic monomers, e.g. glycine vs caprolactam, respectively *polar vs nonpolar monomers, e.g. vinyl acetate vs ethylene, respectively *cyclic vs linear, e.g. ethylene oxide vs ethylene glycol, respectively The polymerization of one kind of monomer gives a homopolymer. Many polymers are copolymers, meaning that they are derived from two different monomers. In the case of condensation polymerizations, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copolymer
In polymer chemistry, a copolymer is a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. The polymerization of monomers into copolymers is called copolymerization. Copolymers obtained from the copolymerization of two monomer species are sometimes called ''bipolymers''. Those obtained from three and four monomers are called ''terpolymers'' and ''quaterpolymers'', respectively. Copolymers can be characterized by a variety of techniques such as NMR spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography to determine the molecular size, weight, properties, and composition of the material. Commercial copolymers include acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene/butadiene co-polymer (SBR), nitrile rubber, styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) and ethylene-vinyl acetate, all of which are formed by chain-growth polymerization. Another production mechanism is step-growth polymerization, which is used to produce the nylon-12/6/66 copolymer of nylon 12, nylon 6 and n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (; from ar, القلوي, al-qaly, lit=ashes of the saltwort) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases. Etymology The word "alkali" is derived from Arabic ''al qalīy'' (or ''alkali''), meaning ''the calcined ashes'' (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide (''slaked ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrabutylammonium Bromide
Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) is a quaternary ammonium salt with a bromide commonly used as a phase transfer catalyst. It is used to prepare many other tetrabutylammonium salts by salt metathesis reactions. The anhydrous form is a white solid. In addition to being cheap, tetrabutylammonium bromide is also environmentally friendly, has a greater degree of selectivity, is operationally simple, non-corrosive, and can be recycled easily as well. Preparation and reactions Tetrabutylammonium bromide can be prepared by the alkylation of tributylamine with 1-bromobutane. Tetrabutylammonium bromide is used to prepare other salts of the tetrabutylammonium cation by salt metathesis reactions., , ;. It serves as a source of bromide ions for substitution reactions. It is one of a commonly-used phase transfer catalyst. As its melting point is just over 100 °C and decreases in the presence of other reagents, it can be considered an ionic liquid. Role in semi-clathrate formation TBAB ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phase-transfer Catalyst
In chemistry, a phase-transfer catalyst or PTC is a catalyst that facilitates the transition of a reactant from one phase into another phase where reaction occurs. Phase-transfer catalysis is a special form of heterogeneous catalysis. Ionic reactants are often soluble in an aqueous phase but insoluble in an organic phase in the absence of the phase-transfer catalyst. The catalyst functions like a detergent for solubilizing the salts into the organic phase. Phase-transfer catalysis refers to the acceleration of the reaction upon the addition of the phase-transfer catalyst. By using a PTC process, one can achieve faster reactions, obtain higher conversions or yields, make fewer byproducts, eliminate the need for expensive or dangerous solvents that will dissolve all the reactants in one phase, eliminate the need for expensive raw materials and/or minimize waste problems. Phase-transfer catalysts are especially useful in green chemistry—by allowing the use of water, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boron Trifluoride Etherate
Boron trifluoride etherate, strictly boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, or boron trifluoride–ether complex, is the chemical compound with the formula BF3O(C2H5)2, often abbreviated BF3OEt2. It is a colorless liquid, although older samples can appear brown. The compound is used as a source of boron trifluoride in many chemical reactions that require a Lewis acid. The compound features tetrahedral boron coordinated to a diethylether ligand. Many analogues are known, including the methanol complex. Reactions Boron trifluoride etherate serves as a source of boron trifluoride Boron trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula BF3. This pungent, colourless, and toxic gas forms white fumes in moist air. It is a useful Lewis acid and a versatile building block for other boron compounds. Structure and bondin ... according to the equilibrium: :BF3OEt2 BF3 + OEt2 The BF3 binds to even weak Lewis bases, inducing reactions of the resulting adducts with nucleophiles. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trimethylolpropane
300 C--> Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2C(CH2OH)3. This colourless to white solid with a faint odor is a triol. Containing three hydroxy functional groups, TMP is a widely used building block in the polymer industry. Production TMP is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation of butanal with formaldehyde: :CH3CH2CH2CHO + 2 CH2O → CH3CH2C(CH2OH)2CHO The second step entails a Cannizaro reaction: :CH3CH2C(CH2OH)2CHO + CH2O + NaOH → CH3CH2C(CH2OH)3 + NaO2CH Approximately 200,000,000 kg are produced annually in this way.Peter Werle, Marcus Morawietz, Stefan Lundmark, Kent Sörensen, Esko Karvinen, Juha Lehtonen “Alcohols, Polyhydric” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008. Applications TMP is mainly consumed as a precursor to alkyd resins. Otherwise, acrylated and alkoxylated TMP's are used as multifunctional monomers to produce various coatings, Ethoxylate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azide
In chemistry, azide is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula and structure . It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid . Organic azides are organic compounds with the formula , containing the azide functional group. The dominant application of azides is as a propellant in air bags. Preparation Sodium azide is made industrially by the reaction of nitrous oxide, with sodium amide in liquid ammonia as solvent: : Many inorganic azides can be prepared directly or indirectly from sodium azide. For example, lead azide, used in detonators, may be prepared from the metathesis reaction between lead nitrate and sodium azide. An alternative route is direct reaction of the metal with silver azide dissolved in liquid ammonia. Some azides are produced by treating the carbonate salts with hydrazoic acid. Bonding Azide is isoelectronic with carbon dioxide , cyanate , nitrous oxide , nitronium ion and cyanogen fluoride NCF. Per valence bond theory, azide can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
