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Aþel
Othala (), also known as ēðel and odal, is a rune that represents the ''o'' and ''œ'' phonemes in the Elder Futhark and the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc writing systems respectively. Its name is derived from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *''ōþala-'' "heritage; inheritance, inherited estate". As it does not occur in Younger Futhark, it disappears from the Scandinavian record around the 8th century, but its usage continued in England into the 11th century, where it was sometimes further used in manuscripts as a shorthand for the word ("homeland"), similarly to how other runes were sometimes used at the time. As with other symbols used historically in Europe such as the swastika and Celtic cross, othala has been appropriated by far-right groups such as the Nazi party and neo-Nazis, who have used it to represent ideas like Aryan heritage, a usage that is wholly modern and not attested in any ancient or medieval source. The rune also continues to be used in non-racist contexts, bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Turkic Script
The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic peoples, Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). ''An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions''. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. . The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia, where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev. These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Denmark, Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei River, Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas River, Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Odelsrett
The Odelsrett is an ancient Scandinavian allodial title which has survived in Norway as ''odelsrett'' and existed until recent times in Sweden as ''bördsrätt''. The Norwegian law stipulates the right, when a farm is to be sold, of any member of the family, by the principle of primogeniture, to buy it, consistent with '' Åsetesrett.'' If the property is sold to a stranger, family members have the right within a specified period of time (which varies over history, but ten years can be considered typical of recent usage) to redeem it at the price paid, with the additional cost of the improvements. If there is controversy, appraisers are appointed. Later law modified this, so that an owner selling his farm may determine whether he renounces for himself and heirs this right. It has been argued that this law served as a mainstay to the long-lasting agrarian culture in Norway. History Arnfinn Kjelland provides a historical perspective: ::“(For a) farm (to) become allodium by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stentoften Runestone
The Stentoften Runestone, listed in the Rundata catalog as DR 357, is a runestone which contains a curse in Proto-Norse that was discovered in Stentoften, Blekinge, Sweden. Inscription English translation provided by Rundata: Interpretation In lines AP and AQ, in the phrase "gaf j" ("gave j"), the j-rune is an ideographic rune that stands for the rune name *''jēra'', meaning "harvest" or "bountiful or fruitful year." One runologist suggests that line AQ is describing an animal sacrifice in return for a good harvest as part of a fertility ritual. History The Stentoften runestone was discovered in 1823 by the dean O. Hammer. It was lying down with the inscription facing downwards, surrounded by five sharp larger stones forming a pentagon or a pentagram. Consequently, the stone has been part of a larger monument like the Björketorp Runestone further east. In 1864, the runestone was moved into the church of Sölvesborg. Most scholars date the inscription to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Björketorp Runestone
The Björketorp Runestone (Rundata, DR 360 U) in Blekinge, Sweden. It is one of the world's tallest runestones measuring 4.2 metres in height. Inscription The runes were made in the 6th or the 7th century and in Proto-Norse language, Proto-Norse (a similar message is given on the Stentoften Runestone). It is found on two sides. The shorter message appears to say "I foresee perdition" or "prediction of perdition". The message of the other side is also debated. Swedish: "". Menhirs The runestone is paired with two high uninscribed menhirs. Analysis Most scholars date the inscription to the 7th century and it is carved with a type of runes that form an intermediate version between the Elder Futhark and the Younger Futhark. A characteristic example of this is the a-rune which has the same form as the h-rune of the younger futhark. This is the rune that is transliterated with A. The k-rune, which looks like a Y is a transition form between and in the two futharks. There are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gummarp Runestone
The Gummarp Runestone, designated as DR 358, was a runestone from the Vendel era and which was located in the former village of Gummarp in the province of Blekinge, Sweden. Description The Gummarp Runestone was removed and taken to Copenhagen, where it was destroyed in the Copenhagen Fire of 1728. The runic inscription was recorded on reproductions of the runestone. It is classified as being in runestone style RAK. The runes read: h)AþuwolAfA Ate s)tA(b)A þr(i)a ff'' There are two interpretations of the text. One of them reads "Haþuwulfar placed three staves fff," and the other one assumes that the word ''apt'' meaning "after" was originally placed before the name Haþuwulfar which would change the meaning into "In memory of Haþuwulfar ..placed hesethree staves fff." The three f-runes have been interpreted as ideographic runes to be read "wealth, wealth, wealth". The Gummarp, Istaby Runestone and Stentoften Runestone inscriptions can be identified with the same clan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omega
Omega (, ; uppercase Ω, lowercase ω; Ancient Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the twenty-fourth and last letter in the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numerals, Greek numeric system/isopsephy (gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means "great O" (''o mega'', mega meaning "great"), as opposed to omicron, which means "little O" (''o mikron'', mikron meaning "little"). In Phonetics, phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω represented a vowel length, long open-mid back rounded vowel , comparable to the "aw" of the English language, English word ''raw'' in dialects without the cot–caught merger, in contrast to omicron, which represented the close-mid back rounded vowel , and the digraph (orthography), digraph ''ου'', which represented the vowel length, long close-mid back rounded vowel . In Modern Greek, both omega and omicron represent the mid back rounded vowel or . The letter omega is transliteration, transliterated into a Lati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gothic Alphabet
The Gothic alphabet is an alphabet for writing the Gothic language. It was developed in the 4th century AD by Ulfilas (or Wulfila), a Gothic preacher of Cappadocian Greek descent, for the purpose of translating the Bible. The alphabet essentially uses uncial forms of the Greek alphabet, with a few additional letters from the Latin and Runic alphabets to express Gothic phonology. Origin Ulfilas is thought to have consciously chosen to avoid the use of the older Runic alphabet for this purpose, as it was heavily connected with pagan beliefs and customs. Also, the Greek-based script probably helped to integrate the Gothic nation into the dominant Greco-Roman culture around the Black Sea. Letters Below is a table of the Gothic alphabet. Two letters used in its transliteration are not used in current English: thorn (representing ), and hwair (representing ). As with the Greek alphabet, Gothic letters were also assigned numerical values. When used as numerals, le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vimose Inscriptions
The Vimose inscriptions (), found on the island of Funen, Denmark, include some of the oldest datable Elder Futhark runic inscriptions in early Proto-Norse or late Proto-Germanic from the 2nd to 3rd century in the Scandinavian Iron Age and were written in the time of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of .... *Vimose Comb (, considered the oldest known datable runic inscription altogether): harja (ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ) *Vimose Buckle () aadagasu =? ansuz-a(n)dag-a(n)su / laasauwija =? la-a au-wija; *Vimose Chape (): mariha , , la / makija; possibly "Mari (the famous one) is the sword of Alla" *Vimose Woodplane () talijo gisai oj: wiliz .a o ../ tkbis: hleuno: an regu * Vimose Sheathplate (): ; possibly "son/descendant of Awa" *Vimose Spearhead: gni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thorsberg Chape
The Thorsberg chape (a bronze piece belonging to a scabbard) is an archeological find from the Thorsberg moor, Germany, that appears to have been deposited as a votive offering.Tineke Looijenga, ''Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions'', Leyden/Boston: Brill, 2003, p. 259 It bears an Elder Futhark runic inscription, one of the earliest known, dating to roughly 200 CE. Archaeologists believe it was made in the region between the Rhine and the Elbe.Henrik Williams, "From Meldorf to Haithabu: Some Early Personal Names from Schleswig-Holstein," ''Von Thorsberg nach Schleswig'' pp. 149-66p. 157 The first element ''owlþu'', for ''wolþu-'', means "glory," "glorious one," cf. Old Norse ''Ullr'', Old English ''wuldor''. The second element, ''-þewaz'', means "slave, servant." The whole compound is a personal name or title, "servant of the glorious one" or "servant/priest of Ullr." On the reverse, ''ni-'' is the negative particle, ''waje-'' corresponds to "woe, ill" ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thorsberg Ortband
The Thorsberg moor (, or ''Thorsbjerg Mose'', South Jutlandic: ''Tosbarch'', ''Tåsbjerre'' "Thor's hill") near Süderbrarup in Angeln, Anglia, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, is a peat bog in which the Angles (tribe), Angles deposited votive offerings for approximately four centuries. It is the location of important Roman Iron Age finds, including early Elder Futhark runic inscriptions such as the Thorsberg chape, a Roman helmet, a shield buckle, and an early example of socks (attached to trousers). The finds are of similar importance as the contemporaneous finds from Illerup and Vimose in Denmark. Excavation The moor was excavated in 1858–1861 by a teacher from Flensburg, Helvig Conrad Engelhardt. The objects recovered by Engelhardt are on exhibit in the state museum of archaeology at Gottorf Castle; another 500 finds are on exhibit in the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. Discoveries The deposits were made from approximately 100 BC to 500 AD and are clearly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isle Of Man
The Isle of Man ( , also ), or Mann ( ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland. As head of state, Charles III holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The government of the United Kingdom is responsible for the Isle of Man's military defence and represents it abroad, but the Isle of Man still has a separate international identity. Humans have lived on the island since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD, when Irish missionaries following the teaching of St Patrick began settling the island, and the Manx language, a branch of the Goidelic languages, emerged. In 627, King Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the thalassocratic Kingdom of the Isles, which included the Hebrides and the Northern Isles, along with the Isle of Man as the southernmost island. Magnus Bar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orkney
Orkney (), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago off the north coast of mainland Scotland. The plural name the Orkneys is also sometimes used, but locals now consider it outdated. Part of the Northern Isles along with Shetland, Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north of Caithness and has about 70 islands, of which 20 are inhabited.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 336–403. The largest island, the Mainland, Orkney, Mainland, has an area of , making it the List of islands of Scotland, sixth-largest Scottish island and the List of islands of the British Isles, tenth-largest island in the British Isles. Orkney's largest settlement, and also its administrative centre, is Kirkwall. Orkney is one of the 32 Subdivisions of Scotland, council areas of Scotland, as well as a Orkney (Scottish Parliament constituency), constituency of the Scottish Parliament, a Lieutenancy areas of Scotland, lieutenancy area, and an counties of Scotland, historic county. The local council is Orkney I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
