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Azarkeivanian
Azarkeivanianism in Persian: ( آذرکیوانیان ) was one of the Zoroastrian sects that emerged in the Safavid Persian Empire and was founded by the philosopher Azar Kayvan, who was a student of Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi. Beliefs Jivanji Jamshedji Modi deduced that the beliefs of Kayvan and his disciples were partially influenced by the Islamic mystic sect known as Sufism, the Indian spiritual practice of Yoga and the Illuminationist philosophy of Suhrawardi, but does not give an explicit description of their beliefs. Writings Dasatir book ''Dasatir-i-Asmani'' was the most important book of the sect and was written by Azar Kayvan, the first part is which comprises sixteen chapters each attributed to ancient Zoroastrian prophets, from Mahabad and Jī-Afrām, who supposedly predated Keyumars, to Sasan V, whom the author designated as a contemporary of the Sasanian ruler Khosrow II, the second part is a Persian translation of the first with commentary. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dasatir-i-Asmani
The ''Desatir'' or ''Dasātīr'' ( "Ordinances"), also known as ''Dasātīr-e Āsmānī'' (, , "Heavenly Ordinances") is a Zoroastrian mystic text written in an invented language. Although purporting to be of ancient origin, it is now generally regarded as a literary forgery, most probably authored in the 16th or 17th century by Azar Kayvan, the leader of the Zoroastrian Illuminationist sect.or Azarkeivanian sect Its Neoplatonic ideas have been strongly influenced by the 12th-century philosopher Suhravardi, and have only a tenuous connection to mainstream Zoroastrianism. __NOTOC__ Content and language The first part of the Desatir contains sixteen sections written in an invented language which are said to have been revealed to sixteen successive prophets, starting with Mahabad, going through Zarathustra and ending with the fifth Sasan, who was supposed to have lived at the time of Khosrau II (5th–6th centuries). At the end of each section, with the exception of the last o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Zoroastrianism Sects
Zoroastrianism has several sects and movements, each with distinct interpretations of its core tenets. These groups vary in their approaches to pluralism, dualism, and monotheism. Iranian Zoroastrian sects Zurvanism Zurvanism was a sect in which the deity Zurvan was considered the primordial creator god and the father of both Ahura Mazda (Oromasdes) and Ahriman (Arimanius). The earliest evidence of the cult of Zurvan appears in the ''History of Theology'', attributed to Eudemus of Rhodes (c. 370–300 BCE). As cited in Damascius's sixth-century CE ''Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles'', Eudemus described a sect of Persians who saw Space-Time as the ultimate source of the rival deities of Light and Darkness. While Armenian and Syriac sources depict the religion of the Sassanids as distinctly Zurvanite, later native Zoroastrian commentaries are primarily Mazdean. With only one exception (the 10th-century ''Denkard'' 9.30), these texts do not mention Zurvan. Among ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azar Kayvan
Āzar Kayvān (; ) was the Zoroastrian high priest of Istakhr and a gnostic philosopher, who was a native of Fars, Iran and later emigrated to Patna in the Mughal Empire during the reign of Emperor Akbar. A member of the community (), he became the founder of a Zoroastrian school of or Illuminationists, which exhibited features of Sufi Muslim influence. This school became known as the "Abadi sect".or Azarkeivanian. Biography Details regarding Azar Kayvan's life are scant and are mainly derived from the hagiographical literature of the Abadi sect. This hagiography places Azar Kayvan, son of Azar Gashasb, and his ancestry back to Sasan V then through Sasan to the Kayanian dynasty, Keyumars, and finally to Mahābād, the primordial figure who appeared at the very beginning of the great cycle of prophecy, according to the ''Dasatir-i-Asmani'', and who seems to be none other than Adam. His mother was named Shirin; her ancestry goes back to Philosopher King Khosrow I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahabad (prophet)
Mahabad (Persian: مهاباد Mahābād) is believed to be a pre-Zoroastrian prophet or demigod. He is also called ''Azar Hooshang'', the Fire of Wisdom. In some traditions, he is believed to be the first human. Section 3 of the '' Dabestan-e Mazaheb'', a 17th-century text, is dedicated to the Yazdanians (also called the ''Sahi Kesh'' or ''Sipasi''), who held Mahabad to be the most exalted of prophets and the progenitor of the entire human race. The Dabestan briefly outlines the Yazdanians' beliefs and describes Mahabad's code of laws, the Paiman-i Farhang (Excellent Covenant). According to the Dasatir-i-Asmani, a text written in the 16th or 17th century by the Zoroastrian mystic Azar Kayvan, he lived in an earlier cycle of time (before Gayomard) and was the first of sixteen successive prophets. The thirteenth of these prophets was Zoroaster Zarathushtra Spitama, more commonly known as Zoroaster or Zarathustra, was an Iranian peoples, Iranian religious reformer who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parsis
The Parsis or Parsees () are a Zoroastrian ethnic group in the Indian subcontinent. They are descended from Persian refugees who migrated to the Indian subcontinent during and after the Arab-Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century, when Zoroastrians were persecuted by the early Muslims. Representing the elder of the Indian subcontinent's two Zoroastrian communities, the Parsi people are culturally, linguistically, and socially distinct from the Iranis, whose Zoroastrian ancestors migrated to British-ruled India from Qajar-era Iran. The word ''Parsi'' is derived from the Persian language, and literally translates to ''Persian'' ().Parsee, n. and adj. – Oxford English Dictionary . oed.com. Retrieved on 2015-03-03. According to the 16th-century Parsi epic '' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1856 United States Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 4, 1856. Democratic nominee James Buchanan defeated Republican nominee John C. Frémont and Know Nothing/ Whig nominee Millard Fillmore. The main issue was the expansion of slavery as facilitated by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. Buchanan defeated President Franklin Pierce at the 1856 Democratic National Convention for the nomination. Pierce had become widely unpopular in the North because of his support for the pro-slavery faction in the ongoing civil war in territorial Kansas, and Buchanan, a former Secretary of State, had avoided the divisive debates over the Kansas–Nebraska Act by being in Europe as the Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Slavery was the main issue, and with it the question of the survival of the United States as it then existed. The Democrats were seen as the pro-slavery party; the new Republican party, though hostile to slavery, limited its efforts to the politically more managea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dabestan-e Mazaheb
The ''Dabestan-e Mazaheb'' (; ) is a Persian language work on Comparative religion, written between 1645 and 1658, that examines and compares Abrahamic, Dharmic and other religions of the mid-17th century South Asia and the Middle East. Additionally, it has information on various Hellenic philosophical traditions, such as Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism. The work, composed in the mid-17th century, is of uncertain authorship. The text's title is also transliterated as ''Dabistān-i Mazāhib'', ''Dabistan-e Madahib'', or ''Dabestan-e Madaheb''. The text is best known for its dedication of an entire chapter to Din-i Ilahi, the syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar after 1581 and is possibly the most reliable account of the ''Ibādat Khāna'' discussions that led up to this. It is also one of the first works in history to make any mention of Sikhism. Authorship Several manuscripts have been discovered that identifies the author as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khosrow II
Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; and ''Khosrau''), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: , "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian King of Kings (Shahanshah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year. Khosrow II was the son of Hormizd IV (reigned 579–590), and the grandson of Khosrow I (reigned 531–579). He was the last king of Iran to have a lengthy reign before the Muslim conquest of Iran, which began five years after his execution. He lost his throne, then recovered it with the help of the Byzantine emperor Maurice, and, a decade later, went on to emulate the feats of the Achaemenids, conquering the rich Roman provinces of the Middle East; much of his reign was spent in wars with the Byzantine Empire and struggling against usurpers such as Bahram Chobin and Vistahm. Khosrow II began a war against the Byzantines in 602, ostensibly to avenge the murder of his ally Maurice. Persian fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keyumars
Keyumars or Kiomars () was the name of the first king (shah) of the Pishdadian dynasty of Iran according to the ''Shahnameh''. The name appears in Avestan in the form of , or in medieval Zoroastrian texts as ''Gayōmard'' or ''Gayōmart''. In the Avesta he is the mythological first human being in the world. The corresponding name in Middle Persian is . In Ferdowsi's ''Shahnameh'' he appears as the first shah of the world. He is also called the (), the first to practice justice, the lawgiver. The Avestan form means "the living mortal", from 'life' and 'mortal, human being'; cf. Persian 'human' (). In Zoroastrian literature According to the Zoroastrian creation myth, Gayōmart, who was neither male nor female, was the first human, or, according to the Avesta, he was the first person to worship Ahura Mazda. The Avestan forms ''Mashya'' and ''Mashyana'' appear as the male and female first humans; their names are versions of the word 'mortal'. In the eighth book of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Language
Persian ( ), also known by its endonym and exonym, endonym Farsi (, Fārsī ), is a Western Iranian languages, Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian languages, Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan in three mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible standard language, standard varieties, respectively Iranian Persian (officially known as ''Persian''), Dari, Dari Persian (officially known as ''Dari'' since 1964), and Tajik language, Tajiki Persian (officially known as ''Tajik'' since 1999).Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in ''Media Insight Central Asia #27'', August 2002. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate society, Persianate history in the cultural sphere o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism ( ), also called Mazdayasnā () or Beh-dīn (), is an Iranian religions, Iranian religion centred on the Avesta and the teachings of Zoroaster, Zarathushtra Spitama, who is more commonly referred to by the Greek translation, Zoroaster ( ). Among the world's oldest organized faiths, its adherents exalt an Creator deity, uncreated, Omnibenevolence, benevolent, and List of knowledge deities#Persian mythology, all-wise deity known as Ahura Mazda (), who is hailed as the supreme being of the universe. Opposed to Ahura Mazda is Ahriman, Angra Mainyu (), who is personified as a List of death deities#Persian-Zoroastrian, destructive spirit and the adversary of all things that are good. As such, the Zoroastrian religion combines a Dualism in cosmology, dualistic cosmology of good and evil with an eschatological outlook predicting the Frashokereti, ultimate triumph of Ahura Mazda over evil. Opinions vary among scholars as to whether Zoroastrianism is monotheistic, polyth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Illuminationism
Illuminationism ( Persian حكمت اشراق ''hekmat-e eshrāq'', Arabic: حكمة الإشراق ''ḥikmat al-ishrāq'', both meaning "Wisdom of the Rising Light"), also known as ''Ishrāqiyyun'' or simply ''Ishrāqi'' ( Persian اشراق, Arabic: الإشراق, lit. "Rising", as in "Shining of the Rising Sun") is a philosophical and mystical school of thought introduced by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (honorific: ''Shaikh al-ʿIshraq'' or ''Shaikh-i-Ishraq'', both meaning "Master of Illumination") in the twelfth century, established with his ''Kitab Hikmat al-Ishraq'' (lit: "Book of the Wisdom of Illumination"), a fundamental text finished in 1186. Written with influence from Avicennism, Peripateticism, and Neoplatonism, the philosophy is nevertheless distinct as a novel and holistic addition to the history of Islamic philosophy. History While the Ilkhanate- Mongol Siege of Baghdad and the destruction of the House of Wisdom (Arabic: بيت الحكمة, romanized: Bayt al- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
