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Autospores
Autospores are a type of spores that are produced by algae to enable asexual reproduction and spread. They are non-motile and non-Flagellated cell, flagellated Aplanospore, aplanospores that are generated within a parent cell and have the same shape as the parent cell before their release. Autospores are also known as resting spores. Algae primarily use three different types of spores for asexual reproduction - autospores, Zoospore, zoospores, and aplanospores. Autospores occur in several groups of algae, including ''Eustigmatophyceae'', ''Dinoflagellate, Dinoflagellates'', and green algae. One example of a colonial alga that produces autospores is Dichotomococcus. This alga generates two autospores per reproducing cell, and the autospores escape through a slit in the cell wall and remain attached to the mother cell. Some study on autospores and algae in general include looking into its use for biofuel, animal feed, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Autospore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictyochloropsis
''Dictyochloropsis'' is a genus of Unicellular organism, unicellular Green algae, green alga of the phylum Chlorophyta. This genus consists of Free-swimming, free-living algae which have a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast that varies slightly in Morphology (biology), morphology between species, and that when mature always lacks a pyrenoid. ''Dictyochloropsis'' is Asexual reproduction, asexual and reproduces using autospores. Previously, many species of the morphologically similar genus ''Symbiochloris'' were incorrectly classified to this taxon. These species were recently reclassified on the basis of Molecular phylogenetics, molecular DNA analyses. ''Dictyochloropsis'' is found in Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial environments all over the world, but can live and grow in Fresh water, freshwater environments as well. Recently, there has been promising research towards growing ''Dictyocloropsis'' in culture for the production of biofuels. Etymology The name of ''Dictyochlorops ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiococcus And Tetracoccus
''Radiococcus'' is a genus of green algae in the family Radiococcaceae.See the NCBI The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The NCBI is loca ...br>webpage on Radiococcus Data extracted from the References Sphaeropleales genera Sphaeropleales {{Chlorophyceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,5-Dichlorophenol
3,5-Dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP) is a chlorinated derivative of phenol Phenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile and can catch fire. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () ... with the molecular formula Cl2C6H3OH. References Cited sources * Chloroarenes Phenols {{Organohalide-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinoflagellate Biology
The Dinoflagellates (), also called Dinophytes, are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered protists. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis). In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates are one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although substantially smaller than diatoms. Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Other dinoflagellates are unpigmented predators on other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic (for example, ''Oodinium'' and ''Pfiesteria''). Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cysts or d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Green Algae
The green algae (: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( Embryophytes) have emerged deep within the charophytes as a sister of the Zygnematophyceae. Since the realization that the Embryophytes emerged within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them. The completed clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid (spherical), and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. There are about 22,000 species of green algae, many of which live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetraspore
Tetraspores are red algae spores produced by the tetrasporophytic (diploid) phase in the life history of algae in the Rhodophyta as a result of meiosis.Jones, W.E. Revised and reprinted 1964. A Key to the genera of the British seaweeds.''Field Studies''. Vol 1 (4) pp.1 – 32 The name is derived from the 4 spores that form after this meiosis, the division is of three kinds: cruciate, zonate and tetrahedral In geometry, a tetrahedron (: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular Face (geometry), faces, six straight Edge (geometry), edges, and four vertex (geometry), vertices. The tet .... References Red algae Reproduction {{rhodophyta-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carpospore
A carpospore is a diploid spore produced by red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest Phylum, phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900 Genus, genera amidst ongoing taxon .... After fertilization, the alga's carpogonium subdivides into carpospores, and generally the largest type of spore (larger than bispores, which are larger again than tetraspores). The wall of the carposporangium then breaks down, releasing the spores into the environment. References Red algae {{rhodophyta-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterocyst
Heterocysts or heterocytes are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed during nitrogen starvation by some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as ''Nostoc'', ''Cylindrospermum'', and '' Anabaena''. They fix nitrogen from dinitrogen (N2) in the air using the enzyme nitrogenase, in order to provide the cells in the filament with nitrogen for biosynthesis. Nitrogenase is inactivated by oxygen, so the heterocyst must create a microanaerobic environment. The heterocysts' unique structure and physiology require a global change in gene expression. For example, heterocysts: * produce three additional cell walls, including one of glycolipid that forms a hydrophobic barrier to oxygen * produce nitrogenase and other proteins involved in nitrogen fixation * degrade photosystem II, which produces oxygen * up-regulate glycolytic enzymes * produce proteins that scavenge any remaining oxygen * contain polar plugs composed of cyanophycin which slows down cell-to-cell diffusion Cyanobacteria usu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akinete
An akinete is an enveloped, thick-walled, non-motile, dormant cell (biology), cell formed by both cyanobacteria and algae. Cyanobacterial akinetes are mainly formed by filamentous, heterocyst-forming members under the order Nostocales and Stigonematales. Eukaryotic microalgae also produce akinetes, such as ''Haematococcus''. During akinete formation, cells accumulate and store various essential material, allowing the akinete to serve as a survival structure for up to many years. The cell akinetes are resistant to cold and desiccation. However, akinetes are not resistant to heat. Once conditions become more favorable for growth, the akinete can then germinate back into a vegetative cell. Increased light intensity, nutrients availability, oxygen availability, and changes in salinity are important triggers for germination. In cyanobacteria, akinetes usually develop in strings with each cell differentiating after another and this occurs next to heterocysts if they are present. Develo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homogamy (biology)
Homogamy is used in biology in four separate senses: *Inbreeding can be referred to as homogamy. *Homogamy refers to the maturation of male and female reproductive organs (of plants) at the same time, which is also known as simultaneous or synchronous hermaphrodite, hermaphrodism and is the antonym of dichogamy. Many flowers appear to be homogamous but some of these may not be strictly functionally homogamous, because for various reasons male and female reproduction do not completely overlap. *In the Asteraceae, daisy family, the flower heads are made up of many small flowers called florets, and are either homogamous or heterogamous. Heterogamous heads are made up of two types of florets, ray florets near the edge and disk florets in the center. Homogamous heads are made up of just one type of floret, either all ray florets or all disk florets. *Homogamy can be used as a form of choosing a mate based on characteristics that are wanted in a sexual partner. Inbreeding As opposed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autogamy
Autogamy or self-fertilization refers to the Cell fusion, fusion of two gametes that come from one individual. Autogamy is predominantly observed in the form of self-pollination, a Reproduction, reproductive mechanism employed by many flowering plants. However, species of protists have also been observed using autogamy as a means of reproduction. Flowering plants engage in autogamy regularly, while the protists that engage in autogamy only do so in stressful environments. Occurrence Protists ''Paramecium aurelia'' ''Paramecium aurelia'' is the most commonly studied protozoan for autogamy. Similar to other unicellular organisms, ''Paramecium aurelia'' typically reproduce asexually via Fission (biology), binary fission or sexually via cross-fertilization. However, studies have shown that when put under nutritional stress, ''Paramecium aurelia'' will undergo meiosis and subsequent fusion of Gamete, gametic-like nuclei. This process, defined as hemixis, a chromosomal rearrangement pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oogamy
Oogamy is a form of anisogamy where the gametes differ in both size and form. In oogamy the large female gamete (also known as ovum) is immotile, while the small male gamete (also known as spermatozoon) is mobile. Oogamy is a common form of anisogamy, with almost all animals and land plants being oogamous. Oogamy is found in most sexually reproducing species, including all vertebrates, land plants, and some algae. The ancestral state of sexual reproduction is believed to be isogamy, with oogamy evolving through anisogamy. Once oogamy evolves, males and females typically differ in various aspects. Internal fertilization may have originated from oogamy, although some studies suggest that oogamy in certain species may have evolved before the transition from external to internal fertilization. In streptophytes, oogamy occurred before the split from green algae. Occurrence Oogamy is found in almost all animal species that reproduce sexually. There are exceptions, such as the op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
