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Arundel Castle
Arundel Castle is a restored and remodelled medieval castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was established by Roger de Montgomery in the 11th century. The castle was damaged in the English Civil War and then restored in the 18th and early 19th centuries by Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk. Further restoration and embellishment was undertaken from the 1890s by Charles Alban Buckler for the 15th Duke. Since the 11th century, the castle has been the seat of the Earls of Arundel and the Dukes of Norfolk. It is a Grade I listed building. History The original structure was a motte-and-bailey castle. Roger de Montgomery was declared the first Earl of Arundel as the King granted him the property as part of a much larger package of hundreds of manors. Roger, who was a cousin of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror (Bates ''William the Conqueror'' p. 33– 9 September 1087), sometimes called William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England (as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duke Of Norfolk
Duke of Norfolk is a title in the peerage of England. The premier non-royal peer, the Duke of Norfolk is additionally the premier duke and earl in the English peerage. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex, although the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. The dukes have historically been Catholic, a state of affairs known as recusancy in England. All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I. The son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, was Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey; the earl was descended from Edward III. As all subsequent dukes after Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk are descendants of the Earl of Surrey, this means they are also descended from Edward III. History Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earl of Norfolk, Earls of Norfolk, starting with Roger Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, Roger Bigod from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hugh D'Aubigny, 5th Earl Of Arundel
Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel (died 7 May 1243) was the last in the Aubigny male line to hold Arundel Castle. He was the son of William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel and younger brother of William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel. He inherited his title on the death of his elder brother in 1224. He also inherited the position of hereditary Chief Butler of England for life. In 1242, he was one of the seven earls who accompanied Henry III of England, King Henry in his expedition to Aquitaine. He died on 7 may 1243 and was buried at Wymondham Abbey in Norfolk. His large estates were divided amongst his four sisters and their issue. His title of Earl of Arundel was inherited by his nephew John Fitzalan (1223–1267), John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel, son of his sister Isabel d'Aubigny.Thomas Tout, Tout, Thomas Frederick (1889). "wikisource:Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Fitzalan,_John_(1223-1267), Fitzalan, John II, Lord of Oswestry, Clun and Arundel (1223–12 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Folly
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but suggesting through its appearance some other purpose, or of such extravagant appearance that it transcends the range of usual garden buildings. Eighteenth-century English landscape gardening and French landscape gardening often featured mock Roman temples, symbolising classical virtues. Other 18th-century garden follies imitated Chinese temples, Egyptian pyramids, ruined medieval castles, abbeys, or Tatar tents, to represent different continents or historical eras. Sometimes they represented rustic villages, mills and cottages, to symbolise rural virtues. Many follies, particularly during times of famine, such as the Great Famine (Ireland), Great Famine in Ireland, were built as a form of poor relief, to provide employment for peasants and unemployed artisans. In English, the term began as "a popular name for any costly structure considered to have shown wikt:folly#Noun, folly in the builder", t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norfolk House
Norfolk House was the London residence of the Howard family headed by the Dukes of Norfolk, and as such more than one building has been given this name. The first was opposite Lambeth Palace, set in acres of garden and orchards on a site occupying what is now the Novotel London Waterloo on Lambeth Road (the remains of the Howard family vault and chapel still being visible in the former parish church of St Mary-at-Lambeth). The later Norfolk House at 31 St James's Square in the City of Westminster was built between 1748 and 1752 as the Townhouse (Great Britain), townhouse of Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk (1686–1777), to the design of Matthew Brettingham (1699–1769), "the Elder". This building was demolished in 1938. The duke's country house and main seat was Worksop Manor in Nottinghamshire. Norfolk House was built on a site formerly occupied by two houses, namely St Albans House, the residence of the Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans, Earl of St Albans (purchased ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slighting
Slighting is the deliberate damage of high-status buildings to reduce their value as military, administrative, or social structures. This destruction of property is sometimes extended to the contents of buildings and the surrounding landscape. It is a phenomenon with complex motivations and was often used as a tool of control. Slighting spanned cultures and periods, with especially well-known examples from the English Civil War in the 17th century. Meaning and use Slighting is the act of deliberately damaging a high-status building, especially a castle or fortification, which could include its contents and the surrounding area. The first recorded use of the word ''slighting'' to mean a form of destruction was in 1613. Castles are complex structures combining military, social, and administrative uses, and the decision to slight them took these various roles into account. The purpose of slighting was to reduce the value of the building, whether military, social, or administrative. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royalists
A royalist supports a particular monarch as head of state for a particular kingdom, or of a particular dynastic claim. In the abstract, this position is royalism. It is distinct from monarchism, which advocates a monarchical system of government, but not necessarily a particular monarch. Most often, the term royalist is applied to a supporter of a current regime or one that has been recently overthrown to form a republic. In the United Kingdom, the term is currently almost indistinguishable from "monarchist", as there are no significant rival claimants to the throne. Conversely, in 19th-century France, a royalist might be either a Legitimist, Bonapartist, or an Orléanist, all being monarchists. United Kingdom * The Wars of the Roses were fought between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians * During the English Civil War the Royalists or Cavaliers supported King Charles I and, in the aftermath, his son King Charles II * Following the Glorious Revolution, the Jacobites su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Arundel
The siege of Arundel took place during the First English Civil War, from 19 December 1643 to 6 January 1644, when a Royalist garrison surrendered to a Parliamentarian army under Sir William Waller. At the end of 1642, South-East England was largely controlled by Parliament, with pockets of Royalist support in Hampshire and Kent. In an October 1643 offensive led by Sir Ralph Hopton, the Royalists advanced into Sussex, where a small garrison at Arundel Castle surrendered without fighting on 2 December. Hopton's policy of trying to hold as many towns as possible left individual garrisons isolated, while the Royalists lacked a mobile field army, capable of quickly supporting threatened positions. Arundel was attacked by a large Parliamentarian force on 19 December; although strongly held, severe weather and poor roads meant it could not be relieved, and surrendered on 6 January. Background When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Parliamentarian forces secured m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First English Civil War
The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. An estimated 15% to 20% of adult males in England and Wales served in the military at some point between 1639 and 1653, while around 4% of the total population died from war-related causes. These figures illustrate the widespread impact of the conflict on society, and the bitterness it engendered as a result. Conflict over the role of Parliament and religious practice dated from the accession of James VI and I in 1603. These tensions culminated in the imposition of Personal Rule in 1629 by his son, Charles I, who recalled Parliament in April and November 1640. He hoped by doing so to obtain funding that would enable him to reverse his defeat by Scots Covenanters in the Bishops' Wars, but in return Parliament demanded a greater share in government than he was willing to concede. In its early stages, the vast majority on both sides s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke Of Norfolk
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, (10 March 1536 or 1538 2 June 1572), was an English nobleman and politician. He was a second cousin of Queen Elizabeth I and held many high offices during the earlier part of her reign. Norfolk was the son of the poet, soldier and politician Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. He was executed for his role in the Ridolfi plot. Early life, family, and religion Thomas was born on 10 March 1536 (although some sources cite his birth in 1538) at Kenninghall, Norfolk, being the first or second of five children of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and his wife Lady Frances Howard, Countess of Surrey, Frances de Vere. His paternal grandparents were Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and Lady Elizabeth Howard, Duchess of Norfolk, Elizabeth Stafford. His maternal grandparents were John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford, and Lady Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Oxford, Elizabeth Trussell. His siblings were Jane Neville, Countess of Westmorland, Jane born in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mary FitzAlan
Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (''née'' Lady Mary FitzAlan; 1540 – 23/25 August 1557) was an English noblewoman and translator of the English language. The daughter and sole heiress of Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, she married Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. She died as a teenager shortly after the birth of her son, the Saint Catholic Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel, who lived to unite the FitzAlans and Howards into one dynasty, with Arundel Castle as its seat. Early life Mary was born in 1540, being the third and last of the children of Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel by his first wife, Katherine Grey. Her older siblings were Jane, born 1537 and Henry, Lord Maltravers, born 1538. Her paternal grandparents were William FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and his second wife Anne Percy. Her maternal grandparents were Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, and Margaret Wotton. On her mother's side, Mary was a niece of Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk and first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl Of Arundel
Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel (23 April 151224 February 1580) was an English nobleman, who over his long life assumed a prominent place at the court of all the later Tudor sovereigns. Court career under Henry VIII He was the only son of William Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel, and his second wife Anne Percy, daughter of Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and was named for Henry VIII of England, Henry VIII, who personally stood as his godfather at his baptism. At 15, Henry Fitzalan became a page at the court of Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII, attending the king to Calais in 1532. When he came of age, in 1533, he was summoned to Parliament of England, Parliament as Lord Maltravers, a subsidiary title of his father, who was still alive. He attended the trials of Anne Boleyn and her alleged lover George Boleyn, Lord Rochford in May 1536. In 1540 he was appointed deputy of Pale of Calais, Calais. He remained there, improving the fortifications at his own ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' (; ; ) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with '' de facto'' ('from fact'), which describes situations that exist in reality, even if not formally recognized. Definition ''De jure'' is a Latin expression composed of the words ''de'',("from, of") and ''jure'',("law", adjectival form of '' jus''). Thus, it is descriptive of a structural argument or position derived "from law". Usage Jurisprudence and ''de jure'' law In U.S. law, particularly after '' Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954), the difference between ''de facto'' segregation (that existed because of voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and ''de jure'' segregation (that existed because of local laws) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes. Government and culture Between 1805 and 1914, the ruling dynasty of Egypt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
