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Arthothelium Macounioides
''Arthothelium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. Description ''Arthothelium'' is a genus of crustose lichens, which can either be (embedded within the ) or superficial (growing on the surface). The thallus may spread freely or be confined to specific areas. The lichen's (the algae or cyanobacteria involved in its symbiosis) can vary, including types from the genus '' Trentpohlia'', the family Chlorococcaceae, or may be absent altogether. The reproductive structures resemble apothecia, a common form of lichen fruiting body, and come in various shapes, from flat to convex, and may be elongated or star-like. These structures, known as the , range in colour from red-brown to black, and can sometimes have a frosted, powdery appearance (). A , which in some lichens surrounds the fruiting body, is absent in ''Arthothelium''. The , a rim of tissue found in some lichen fruiting bodies, is also absent. The uppermost layer of the apothecium, the , can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthonia
''Arthonia'' is a genus of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It was circumscribed by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1806. It is a genus of thin crustose lichen of widely varying forms, commonly called comma lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Description ''Arthonia'' species are typically crustose lichens, forming thin, often inconspicuous patches that can be either flush with the surface () or sitting on top (superficial). The thallus—the main body of the lichen—may spread without clear boundaries or sometimes be neatly outlined by thin brown lines. In some species, the thallus may be absent altogether. Under chemical tests, the fungal filaments (hyphae) in the thallus can show distinctive reactions, turning red or pale blue when stained with iodine (I+) and then blue with a potassium iodine (K/I) solution. The photosynthetic partner () is most commonly a green alga belonging to the genus '' Trentepohlia''. In s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthothelium Spectabile-4
''Arthothelium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. Description ''Arthothelium'' is a genus of crustose lichens, which can either be (embedded within the ) or superficial (growing on the surface). The thallus may spread freely or be confined to specific areas. The lichen's (the algae or cyanobacteria involved in its symbiosis) can vary, including types from the genus '' Trentpohlia'', the family Chlorococcaceae, or may be absent altogether. The reproductive structures resemble apothecia, a common form of lichen fruiting body, and come in various shapes, from flat to convex, and may be elongated or star-like. These structures, known as the , range in colour from red-brown to black, and can sometimes have a frosted, powdery appearance (). A , which in some lichens surrounds the fruiting body, is absent in ''Arthothelium''. The , a rim of tissue found in some lichen fruiting bodies, is also absent. The uppermost layer of the apothecium, the , can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthonia Interveniens - Flickr - Pellaea
''Arthonia'' is a genus of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It was circumscribed by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1806. It is a genus of thin crustose lichen of widely varying forms, commonly called comma lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Description ''Arthonia'' species are typically crustose lichens, forming thin, often inconspicuous patches that can be either flush with the surface () or sitting on top (superficial). The thallus—the main body of the lichen—may spread without clear boundaries or sometimes be neatly outlined by thin brown lines. In some species, the thallus may be absent altogether. Under chemical tests, the fungal filaments (hyphae) in the thallus can show distinctive reactions, turning red or pale blue when stained with iodine (I+) and then blue with a potassium iodine (K/I) solution. The photosynthetic partner () is most commonly a green alga belonging to the genus '' Trentepohlia''. In so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalogue Of Life
The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomic Information System. The Catalogue is used by research scientists, citizen scientists, educators, and policy makers. The Catalogue is also used by the Biodiversity Heritage Library, the Barcode of Life Data System, '' Encyclopedia of Life'', and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The Catalogue currently compiles data from 165 peer-reviewed taxonomic databases that are maintained by specialist institutions around the world. the COL Checklist lists 2,067,951 of the world's 2.2m extant species known to taxonomists on the planet at present time. Structure The Catalogue of Life employs a simple data structure to provide information on synonymy, grouping within a taxonomic hierarchy, common names, distribution and ecological e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research New Zealand Limited, Landcare Research and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is somewhat comparable to the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), in which the Royal Botanic Gardens is also involved. A difference is that where IPNI does not indicate Correct name (botany), correct names, the ''Index Fungorum'' does indicate the status of a name. In the returns from the search page, a currently correct name is indicated in green, while others are in blue (a few, aberrant usages of names are indicated in red). All names are linked to pages giving the correct name, with lists of Synonym (taxonomy), synonyms. ''Index Fungorum'' is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthothelium Tremellosum
''Arthothelium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. Description ''Arthothelium'' is a genus of crustose lichens, which can either be (embedded within the ) or superficial (growing on the surface). The thallus may spread freely or be confined to specific areas. The lichen's (the algae or cyanobacteria involved in its symbiosis) can vary, including types from the genus '' Trentpohlia'', the family Chlorococcaceae, or may be absent altogether. The reproductive structures resemble apothecia, a common form of lichen fruiting body, and come in various shapes, from flat to convex, and may be elongated or star-like. These structures, known as the , range in colour from red-brown to black, and can sometimes have a frosted, powdery appearance (). A , which in some lichens surrounds the fruiting body, is absent in ''Arthothelium''. The , a rim of tissue found in some lichen fruiting bodies, is also absent. The uppermost layer of the apothecium, the , can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. [Source for pronunciation.] It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthesis, C4 photosynthetic plants, and Xenarthra#Evolutionary relationships, edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's axial tilt; the width of the tropics (in latitude) is twice the tilt. The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone (see geographical zone). Due to the overhead sun, the tropics receive the most solar energy over the course of the year, and consequently have the highest temperatures on the planet. Even when not directly overhead, the sun is still close to overhead throughout the year, therefore the tropics also have the lowest seasonal variation on the planet; "winter" and "summer" lose their temperature contrast. Instead, seasons are more commonly divided by precipitation variations than by temperature variations. The tropics maintain wide diversity of local climates, such as rain forests, monsoons, sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cosmopolitan Distribution
In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and environmental conditions, though this is not always so. Killer whales ( orcas) are among the most well-known cosmopolitan species on the planet, as they maintain several different resident and transient (migratory) populations in every major oceanic body on Earth, from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica and every coastal and open-water region in-between. Such a taxon (usually a species) is said to have a ''cosmopolitan'' distribution, or exhibit cosmopolitanism, as a species; another example, the rock dove (commonly referred to as a ' pigeon'), in addition to having been bred domestically for centuries, now occurs in most urban areas around the world. The extreme opposite of a cosmopolitan species is an endemic (native) species, or one foun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene, is an aromatic hydrocarbon, aromatic organic compound with formula . Several isomers exist but these terms usually refer to 9,10-anthraquinone (IUPAC: 9,10-dioxoanthracene) wherein the ketone, keto groups are located on the central ring. It is used as a digester additive to Pulp (paper), wood pulp for papermaking. Many Anthraquinones, anthraquinone derivatives are generated by organisms or synthesised industrially for use as Anthraquinone dyes, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and Catalysis, catalysts. Anthraquinone is a yellow, highly crystalline solid, poorly solubility, soluble in water but soluble in hot organic solvents. It is almost completely insoluble in ethanol near room temperature but 2.25 g will dissolve in 100 g of boiling ethanol. It is found in nature as the rare mineral hoelite. Synthesis There are several current industrial methods to produce 9,10-anthraquinone: # The oxidation of anthracene. Chromium(VI) is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthone
Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H8O2. It is a white solid. In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, which is used in the determination of urea levels in the blood. It can also be used as a photocatalyst. Synthesis Xanthone can be prepared by the heating of phenyl salicylate: Six methods have been reported for synthesizing xanthone derivatives: *The Michael-Kostanecki method uses an equimolar mix of a polyphenol and an ''O''-hydroxybenzoic acid, which are heated with a dehydrating agent. *The Friedel-Crafts method has a benzophenone intermediate. *The Robinson-Nishikawa method is a variant of the Hoesch synthesis but with low yields. *The Asahina-Tanase method synthesizes some methoxylated xanthones, and xanthones with acid-sensitive substituents. *The Tanase method is used to synthesize po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
