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Arthonia
''Arthonia'' is a genus of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It was circumscribed by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1806. It is a genus of thin crustose lichen of widely varying forms, commonly called comma lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Description ''Arthonia'' species are typically crustose lichens, forming thin, often inconspicuous patches that can be either flush with the surface () or sitting on top (superficial). The thallus—the main body of the lichen—may spread without clear boundaries or sometimes be neatly outlined by thin brown lines. In some species, the thallus may be absent altogether. Under chemical tests, the fungal filaments (hyphae) in the thallus can show distinctive reactions, turning red or pale blue when stained with iodine (I+) and then blue with a potassium iodine (K/I) solution. The photosynthetic partner () is most commonly a green alga belonging to the genus '' Trentepohlia''. In s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Arthonia Species
This is a list of species in the fungal genus ''Arthonia'', which contains both lichen-forming fungi, and lichenicolous fungi, lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 164 species of ''Arthonia''. The ''Arthonia'' species accepted by Species Fungorum are those for which they have expressed a taxonomic opinion, and does not necessarily represent the total number of species in the family. Although more than 1600 taxon, taxa have at one time been placed in the genus, the majority of these are now either considered synonym (taxonomy), synonyms of other species, have been moved to other genera, or are too little-known and have been collected too infrequently to have had a taxonomic opinion expressed about them. Recent estimates for the number of species in the genus include 491 (2008), 500 (2017), and 50 species with 300 "orphaned" species (2021). According to a 2018 review of lichenicolous fungi, there are 139 lichenicolous fungi and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthonia Radiata
''Arthonia radiata'', the asterisk lichen, is a common and widepspread species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Taxonomy ''Arthonia radiata'' is the type species of the genus ''Arthonia''. It was first formally described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794, who called it ''Opegrapha radiata''. Erik Acharius transferred it to the genus ''Arthonia'' in 1808. It has been known by many names in its lengthy taxonomic history. The genome of ''Arthonia radiata'' has been sequenced and assembled. The draft genome is approximately 33.5 megabases in size, contains 6,931 annotated genes, and consists of 16.65% repeat sequences, predominantly LTR elements. Description ''Arthonia radiata'' is a crustose lichen with an immersed thallus, often separated from its surroundings by a thin brown line. The thallus is typically pale, ranging from white to pale grey, sometimes with a brown or olive tinge, and often forms a mosaic-like pattern on its . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthoniaceae
The Arthoniaceae are a family (biology), family of lichenized, Lichenicolous fungus, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi in the order Arthoniales. The Arthoniaceae is the largest family of Arthoniales, with around 800 species. Most species in Arthoniaceae belong in ''Arthonia'' which is the largest genus with 500 species. The second and third largest genus is ''Arthothelium'' with 80 species, and ''Cryptothecia'' with 60 species. Taxonomy The family was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach in 1841. ''Arthonia'' is the type genus of Arthoniaceae, and it is known to be a Polyphyly, polyphyletic and Paraphyly, paraphyletic genus. The process of splitting ''Arthonia'' into Monophyly, monophyletic groups is an ongoing process. In order to make ''Arthonia'' monophyletic, several genera have been described or resurrected. Description The family Arthoniaceae consists of lichens that are either lichenized or lichenicolous (living on other lichen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthonia Quintaria
''Arthonia'' is a genus of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1806. It is a genus of thin crustose lichen, crustose lichen of widely varying forms, commonly called comma lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Description ''Arthonia'' species are typically crustose lichens, forming thin, often inconspicuous patches that can be either flush with the surface () or sitting on top (superficial). The thallus—the main body of the lichen—may spread without clear boundaries or sometimes be neatly outlined by thin brown lines. In some species, the thallus may be absent altogether. Under chemical tests, the fungal filaments (hyphae) in the thallus can show distinctive reactions, turning red or pale blue when staining, stained with iodine (I+) and then blue with a potassium iodine (K/I) solution. The photosynthetic partner () is most commonly a gree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staining
Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the Microscope, microscopic level. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology (microscopic study of biological tissue (biology), tissues), in cytology (microscopic study of cell (biology), cells), and in the medical fields of histopathology, hematology, and cytopathology that focus on the study and diagnoses of diseases at the microscopic level. Stains may be used to define biological tissues (highlighting, for example, muscle fibers or connective tissue), cell (biology), cell populations (classifying different blood cells), or organelles within individual cells. In biochemistry, it involves adding a class-specific (DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. Staining and fluorescent tagging can serve similar purposes. Biological staining is also used to mark cells in flow cytometry, and to flag proteins or nucleic acids in gel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 μm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thallus
Thallus (: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. A thallus usually names the entire body of a multicellular non-moving organism in which there is no organization of the tissues into organs. Many of these organisms were previously known as the thallophytes, a polyphyletic group of distantly related organisms. An organism or structure resembling a thallus is called thalloid, thalloidal, thalliform, thalline, or thallose. Even though thalli do not have organized and distinct parts ( leaves, roots, and stems) as do the vascular plants, they may have analogous structures that resemble their vascular "equivalents". The analogous structures have similar function or macroscopic structure, but different microscopic structure; for example, no thallus has vascular tissue. In exceptional cases such as the Lemnoideae, where th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crustose Lichen
Crustose lichens are lichens that form a crust which strongly adheres to the Substrate (biology), substrate (soil, rock, tree bark, etc.), making separation from the substrate impossible without destruction. The basic structure of crustose lichens consists of a cortex (botany), cortex layer, an algal layer, and a medulla. The upper cortex layer is differentiated and is usually pigmented. The algal layer lies beneath the cortex. The medulla fastens the lichen to the substrate and is made up of Fungus, fungal hyphae. The surface of crustose lichens is characterized by branching cracks that periodically close in response to climatic variations such as alternate wetting and drying regimes. Subtypes * Powdery – considered as the simplest subtype due to the absence of an organized thallus. :The thallus appears powdery. :E.g. Genera ''Lepraria'', ''Vezdaea'' * Endolithic – grows inside the rock, usually in interstitial spaces between mineral grains. The :upper cortex is usually d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erik Acharius
Erik Acharius (10 October 1757 – 14 August 1819) was a Swedish botanist who pioneered the Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of lichens and is known as the "father of lichenology". Acharius was famously the last pupil of Carl Linnaeus. Life Acharius was born in 1757 to Johan Eric Acharius and Catharina Margaretha Hagtorn in Gävle.Sernander., K. “Erik Acharius - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon.” Fredrik Teodor Borg - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon, sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5503. He received a private education until he was admitted to Gävle Gymnasium in 1770. Later he matriculated at Uppsala University in 1773 where he studied natural history and medicine under Linnaeus and was the last student to defend a dissertation before him.Thell, A., Kärnefelt, I., Seaward, M., & Westberg, M. (Eds.) (2013). In the footsteps of Erik Acharius. 20th biennial meeting of the Nordic Lichen Society. Vadstena 11–15 August 2013. Programme and Abstracts. Nordic Lichen Society. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the content of a taxon, that is, the delimitation of which subordinate taxa are parts of that taxon. For example, if we determine that species X, Y, and Z belong in genus A, and species T, U, V, and W belong in genus B, those are our circumscriptions of those two genera. Another systematist might determine that T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z all belong in genus A. Agreement on circumscriptions is not governed by the Codes of Zoological or Botanical Nomenclature, and must be reached by scientific consensus. A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with the goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. . Lichens are the lifeform that first brought the term symbiosis (as ''Symbiotismus'') into biological context. Lichens have since been recognized as important actors in nutrient cycling and producers which many higher trophic feeders feed on, such as reindeer, gastropods, nematodes, mites, and springtails. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. Phylogeneti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
