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Arrup Obtusus
''Arrup'' is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae. This genus contains sixteen species. These centipedes are found mainly in temperate regions of East Asia with some species found in Central Asia and California. Most species in this genus are soil-dwellers, but the Japanese species '' Arrup akiyoshiensis'' was discovered in a cave and might be a troglobiont. Description Centipedes in this genus range from 1 cm to 5 cm in length. All species in this genus have 41 leg-bearing segments. The body is homogeneous in pigmentation, without darker patches. The head in this genus features a transverse suture on the front of the dorsal surface. The side pieces of the labrum are fully divided into anterior and posterior sclerites. The clypeus in this genus is almost completely areolate and features a longitudinal areolate stripe down the middle. The pleurites on the side of the head lack setae. The coxosternite of the first maxillae is not divided dow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. Phylogeneti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forcipule
Forcipules are the modified, pincer-like, front legs of centipedes that are used to inject venom into prey. They are the only known examples of front legs acting as venom injectors. Nomenclature Forcipules go by a variety of names in both scientific and colloquial usages. They are sometimes known as poison claws or jaw legs, referencing their evolution from maxillipeds, a term which they are also sometimes known by in the context of centipedes (maxillipeds, maxillipedes). Other names include prehensors, telopodites, and forcipulae (singular forcipula). In the specific case in which the forcipules are used to inject venom, they are called toxicognaths (from ''toxic'' + the Greek '' gnathos'', jaw). The term forcipule references their similarity with forceps. Anatomy, systematics, and variation Forcipules evolved from the maxillipeds – front legs – of centipedes' last common ancestor, believed to be somewhat Scutigeromorph-like. They were initially leg-like, then pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arrup Asiaticus
''Arrup'' is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae. This genus contains sixteen species. These centipedes are found mainly in temperate regions of East Asia with some species found in Central Asia and California. Most species in this genus are soil-dwellers, but the Japanese species '' Arrup akiyoshiensis'' was discovered in a cave and might be a troglobiont. Description Centipedes in this genus range from 1 cm to 5 cm in length. All species in this genus have 41 leg-bearing segments. The body is homogeneous in pigmentation, without darker patches. The head in this genus features a transverse suture on the front of the dorsal surface. The side pieces of the labrum are fully divided into anterior and posterior sclerites. The clypeus in this genus is almost completely areolate and features a longitudinal areolate stripe down the middle. The pleurites on the side of the head lack setae. The coxosternite of the first maxillae is not divided dow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic Tree
A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. In other words, it is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. In evolutionary biology, all life on Earth is theoretically part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. Phylogenetics is the study of phylogenetic trees. The main challenge is to find a phylogenetic tree representing optimal evolutionary ancestry between a set of species or taxa. Computational phylogenetics (also phylogeny inference) focuses on the algorithms involved in finding optimal phylogenetic tree in the phylogenetic landscape. Phylogenetic trees may be rooted or unrooted. In a ''rooted'' p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxono ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most biological fields. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or Extant taxon, extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed ''monophyletic'' (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming Taxon, taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not Monophyly, monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms that the molecul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nannarrup
''Nannarrup'' is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae. This genus contains only three species, including the type species '' Nannarrup hoffmani''. Also known as Hoffman's dwarf centipede, ''N. hoffmani'' was discovered in Central Park in New York City and was the first new species to be discovered in that park in more than a century. This genus includes the smallest species in the family Mecistocephalidae, with adults measuring about 10 mm in length. Centipedes in this genus have only 41 pairs of legs, the minimum number recorded in this family. Discovery This genus and its type species ''N. hoffmani'' were first described in 2003 by a team of biologists led by the Italian myriapodologist Donatella Foddai. This team based the original description of this species on ten specimens, including an adult female holotype collected in April 1998 from leaf litter in the North Woods of Central Park. These specimens also include nine paratypes (eight juvenil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agnostrup
''Agnostrup'' is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae. This genus contains three species. These centipedes are found in temperate regions of East Asia. Taxonomy This genus was first described in 2003 by the biologists Donatella Foddai, Lucio Bonato, Luis Alberto Pereira, and Alessandro Minelli to contain three species originally assigned to other genera: ''Taiwanella striata'', described in 1949, ''Taiwanella paucipes'', described in 1955, and ''Krateraspis striganovae'', described in 1975. The genus name derives from the Greek word ''agnostos'', which refers to the forgotten status of these three species since their original descriptions, and the name ''Arrup'', which refers to a closely related genus. A phylogenetic analysis of closely related species of soil centipedes based on morphology placed these three species together their own clade in a phylogenetic tree. Foddai and her colleagues designated '' Agnostrup striganovae'' as the type species. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphology (biology)
Morphology (from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) "form", and λόγος (lógos) "word, study, research") is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern, size), as well as the form and structure of internal parts like bones and organs, i.e., anatomy. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of the overall structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. History The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "form", and (), meaning "word, study, research". While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Fried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladistics
Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to Taxonomy (biology), biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived (phylogenetics), derived characteristics (synapomorphies) that are not present in more distant groups and ancestors. However, from an empirical perspective, common ancestors are inferences based on a cladistic hypothesis of relationships of taxa whose Phenotypic trait, character states can be observed. Theoretically, a last common ancestor and all its descendants constitute a (minimal) clade. Importantly, all descendants stay in their overarching ancestral clade. For example, if the terms ''worms'' or ''fishes'' were used within a ''strict'' cladistic framework, these terms would include humans. Many of these terms are normally used Paraphyly, paraphyletically, outside of cladistics, e.g. as a 'E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
