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Arnhem Land Languages
The Arnhem Land languages are a language family proposed by Evans (1997) of Australian languages spoken across northern Arnhem Land. The name "Arnhem languages The Macro-Gunwinyguan languages, also called Arnhem or Gunwinyguan, are a family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken across eastern Arnhem Land in northern Australia. Their relationship has been demonstrated through shared morphology i ..." is used by Green (2003) for what Evans calls "Ginwinyguan", and is only tangentially related to this proposal. The established language families included in this proposal are: * Burarran * Iwaidjan * Giimbiyu (†) * Gaagudju (†) * Umbugarla (†) References *McConvell, Patrick and Nicholas Evans. (eds.) 1997. ''Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia.'' Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Non-Pama-Nyungan languages Proposed language families Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory {{ia-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaagudju Language
Gaagudju (also spelt Gagadu, Gaguju, and Kakadu) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken in the environs of Kakadu National Park, in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. Country and status Explorer Baldwin Spencer incorrectly ascribed the name "Kakadu tribe" to all of the people living in the Alligator Rivers area, but Gaagudju was confined to the plains South and East Alligator Rivers. The language is classed as extinct, since its last fluent speaker, Big Bill Neidjie, died on 23 May 2002; Classification Gaagudju has traditionally been classified with the Gunwinyguan languages. However, in 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes Gaagudju. Phonology Vowels Consonants Vocabulary Capell Capell or Capel is a surname. Notable people with the name include: Capell * Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham (1608–1649), English politician * Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex (1631–1683), English statesman * Arthur Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umbugarla Language
Umbugarla or Mbukarla is a possible Australian language isolate once spoken by three people in Arnhem Land, northern Australia as of 1981, and is now extinct. Classification Umbugarla was once considered a language isolate (together with Ngurmbur as a dialect), but Mark Harvey has made a case for it being part of a family of Darwin Region languages The Darwin Region languages are a language family, family of Australian Aboriginal languages of northern Australia proposed by linguist Mark Harvey. It unites the pair of Limilngan languages with two language isolates:Bowern, Claire. 2011.How Ma .... Phonology Consonants * /ɡ/ can be heard as either stops or when in word-final or word-medial position, and as a fricative when in intervocalic position. * /ɽ/ can also be heard as an alveolar tap when in intervocalic position. Vowels * Vowels can be lengthened when in open syllables or in word-final position. References External links Umbugarla Swadesh listat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics analogous to a family tree, or to phylogenetic trees of taxa used in evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists thus describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, with different regional dialects of the proto-language undergoing different language changes and thus becoming distinct languages over time. One well-known example of a language family is the Romance languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and many others, all of which are descended from Vulgar Latin.Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.)''Ethnologue: Languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burarran Languages
Maningrida, also known as Burarran, is a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. It includes four languages, none closely related: * Burarra * Gurr-goni * Ndjébbana * Na'kara Green established the family by reconstructing the tense–aspect–mood inflections of Proto-Maningrida, and demonstrated common developments that set them apart from other Arnhem languages. Vocabulary Capell (1942) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Maningrida languages. Gunavidji The Gunavidji people, also written Kunibidji and Kunibídji and also known as the Ndjébbana, are an Aboriginal Australian people of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory. Language The Gunavidji speak Ndjébbana, which is one of the Maningrida ... and Bunarra are from Capell (1940).Capell, Arthur. 1940The Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia ''Oceania'' 10(3): 241-272, 404-433. : Notes Citations Sources * * {{Australian Aborig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iwaidjan Languages
The Iwaidjan or Yiwaidjan languages are a small family of non-Pama–Nyungan Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in the Cobourg Peninsula region of Western Arnhem Land. In 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes the Iwaidjan languages, though their inclusion is not accepted in Bowern (2011). The Iwaidjan languages Garig and Ilgar are two almost identical dialects. Manangkari may be a dialect of Maung. Dixon (2002) considers Warrkbi demonstrated, but Iwaidjic (Warrkbi-Maung) and Iwaidjan to be speculative. He predicts that working out the histories of the languages will be a "profound challenge", regardless of whether they are a genealogical family or a language area. Marrgu and Wurrugu, previously lumped in with Iwaidjan, have little in common with it and may turn out to be a separate family. Status As of 1998, Iwaidja was spoken by about 150 people in the community of Minjilang on Croker Island,Evans (1998): p. 115 alongside English, Kun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giimbiyu Languages
Giimbiyu is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language isolate once spoken by the Giimbiyu people of northern Australia. The name is a Gaagudju word for 'of the stoney country'. It was introduced in Harvey (1992) as a cover term for the named dialects, *Mangerr (Mengerrdji) *Urningangga (Wuningak) *Erri (Arri) In 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes the Giimbiyu languages. However, they are not included in Bowern (2011). Phonology Consonants * Coarticulation among consonants is also present. * Among consonant-coarticulation, /ɣ/ when preceding sounds /l, ɾ/ may result in being heard as a voiceless palatal � Vowels * may also be heard as . * Coarticulation among a preceding , may result in the vowel sound becoming more central or as a diphthong . Vocabulary Capell Capell or Capel is a surname. Notable people with the name include: Capell * Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham (1608–1649), English politician * Arthur C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yiwaidjan Languages
The Iwaidjan or Yiwaidjan languages are a small family of non-Pama–Nyungan Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in the Cobourg Peninsula region of Western Arnhem Land. In 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes the Iwaidjan languages, though their inclusion is not accepted in Bowern (2011). The Iwaidjan languages Garig and Ilgar are two almost identical dialects. Manangkari may be a dialect of Maung. Dixon (2002) considers Warrkbi demonstrated, but Iwaidjic (Warrkbi-Maung) and Iwaidjan to be speculative. He predicts that working out the histories of the languages will be a "profound challenge", regardless of whether they are a genealogical family or a language area. Marrgu and Wurrugu, previously lumped in with Iwaidjan, have little in common with it and may turn out to be a separate family. Status As of 1998, Iwaidja was spoken by about 150 people in the community of Minjilang on Croker Island,Evans (1998): p. 115 alongside English, Kunwin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australian Aboriginal Languages
The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363. The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous language family, language families and language isolate, isolates, perhaps as many as 13, spoken by the Aboriginal Australians, Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands. The relationships between the language families are not clear at present although there are proposals to link some into larger groupings. Despite this uncertainty, the Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages", or the "Australian family". The term can include both Tasmanian languages and the Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Western Torres Strait language, but the Genetic relationship (linguistics), genetic relations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnhem Land
Arnhem Land is a historical region of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located in the north-eastern corner of the territory and is around from the territorial capital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Darwin. In 1623, Dutch East India Company captain Voyage of the Pera and Arnhem to Australia in 1623, Willem Joosten van Colster (or Coolsteerdt) sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria and Cape Arnhem is named after his ship, the ''Arnhem'', which itself was named after the city of Arnhem in the Netherlands. The area covers about and has an estimated population of 16,000, of whom 12,000 are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Two regions are often distinguished as East Arnhem (Land) and West Arnhem (Land). The region's service hub is Nhulunbuy, east of Darwin, set up in the early 1970s as a mining town for bauxite. Other major population centres are Yirrkala (just outside Nhulunbuy), Gunbalanya (formerly Oenpelli), Ramingining, and Maningrida. A substantial proportio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnhem Languages
The Macro-Gunwinyguan languages, also called Arnhem or Gunwinyguan, are a family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken across eastern Arnhem Land in northern Australia. Their relationship has been demonstrated through shared morphology in their verbal inflections. Many of the languages have a fortis–lenis contrast in plosive consonants. Lenis/short plosives have weak contact and intermittent voicing, while fortis/long plosives have full closure, a more powerful release burst, and no voicing. Languages Rebecca Green (2004) reconstructed the paradigms of 28 Proto-Arnhem verbs. The languages included by Green are as follows, though Green only accepts Maningrida as a demonstrated branch: * Macro-Gunwinyguan ** Maningrida *** Burarra *** Guragone *** Djeebbana *** Nakkara ** ? East Arnhem: *** Nunggubuyu *** Ngandi *** Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)* ** ? Marran: *** Marra *** Warndarang *** ? Yugul *** ? Alawa* *** ? Mangarayi ** Kungarakany ** Gaagudju ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages
The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363. The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous language families and isolates, perhaps as many as 13, spoken by the Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands. The relationships between the language families are not clear at present although there are proposals to link some into larger groupings. Despite this uncertainty, the Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages", or the "Australian family". The term can include both Tasmanian languages and the Western Torres Strait language, but the genetic relationship to the mainland Australian languages of the former is unknown, while the latter is Pama–Nyungan, thou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proposed Language Families
The following is a list of proposed language families, which connect established families into larger genetic groups ( macro-families). Support for these proposals vary from case to case. For example, the Dené–Yeniseian languages are a recent proposal which has been generally well received, whereas reconstructions of the Proto-World language are often viewed as fringe science. Proposals which are themselves based on other proposals have the likelihood of their parts noted in parentheses. Under considerations , Paul K. Benedict (initiator, later rejected), Sergei Starostin, John Bengtson , , - , John Bengtson (initiator) , , - , Austro-Tai , , Paul Benedict (initiator, also including Japanese), Ostapirat, Smith , Thurgood , Sagart , , - , Aztec–Tanoan , , , , , , - , Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric , , , , , , - , Dené–Yeniseian , , Alfredo Trombetti (initiator), Merritt Ruhlen, Edward Vajda, Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, James Kari, Heinrich Werner ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
