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Armenian National Assembly (Ottoman Empire)
The Armenian National Assembly was the governing body of the Armenian millet in the Ottoman Empire, established by the Armenian National Constitution of 1863. Elections Tax paying members of the Armenian Gregorian church were given suffrage to elect representatives to the National Assembly, which included 140 ''yerespokhan'', or deputies, 20 of whom were from the clergy. Voters were to elect 140 out of a list of 220. Constantinople was disproportionately represented in the chamber, as 80 of the lay deputies and all the clergy were elected from the capital. Therefore, despite making up 90% of the Armenian population, those in the provinces were represented by 2/7ths of the assembly. Suffrage was granted to tax paying members of the Gregorian church. Electoral law in the capital saw voters choosing candidates prepared by an electoral council in each quarter of the city. Provincial elections had three stages: voters voted for a provincial assembly which then voted for a list of c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Millet
The Armenian millet (, ''Millet-i Ermeniyân'') or the Armenian Gregorian Millet was the Ottoman millet (autonomous ethnoreligious community) of the Armenian Apostolic Church. It initially included not just Armenians in the Ottoman Empire but members of other Oriental Orthodox and Nestorian churches including the Coptic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East, although most of these groups obtained their own millet in the nineteenth century. The Armenian Catholic and Armenian Protestants also obtained their own millets in 1831 and 1850 respectively. Mehmet II separated the Armenian millet from the Greek Orthodox millet because of the disagreements that they had over orthodoxy. By establishing a new Armenian Patriarchate in Constantinople, members of the millet were not only able to handle things autonomously, they had the legal status to bring a case to the Islamic courts. The Armenian mill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian National Constitution
The Armenian National Constitution (; ) or Regulation of the Armenian Nation () was a constitution in the Ottoman Empire for members of the Gregorian Armenian Millet. Promulgated in 1863, it defined the powers of the Armenian Patriarch, a newly formed Armenian National Assembly, and lay members.Richard G. Hovannisian "The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times", page 198 This code is still active among Armenian Church in diaspora. The Ottoman Turkish version was published in the Düstur.info page on bookat Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 37 (PDF p. 39) Other constitutions were promulgated for the Catholic Armenian and the Protestant Armenian millets. The document itself was called a "constitution" in Armenian, while the Ottoman Turkish version was instead called a "regulation" on the millet. Background Until the promulgation of the Edict of Gülhane in 1839, the patriarch held supreme power over his flock. Its authority over the clergy and civil administration bei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard G
Richard is a male given name. It originates, via Old French, from Old Frankish and is a compound of the words descending from Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic languages, Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from ... ''*rīk-'' 'ruler, leader, king' and ''*hardu-'' 'strong, brave, hardy', and it therefore means 'strong in rule'. Nicknames include "Richie", "Dick (nickname), Dick", "Dickon", "Dickie (name), Dickie", "Rich (given name), Rich", "Rick (given name), Rick", "Rico (name), Rico", "Ricky (given name), Ricky", and more. Richard is a common English (the name was introduced into England by the Normans), German and French male name. It's also used in many more languages, particularly Germanic, such as Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Dutch, as well as other languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church () is the Autocephaly, autocephalous national church of Armenia. Part of Oriental Orthodoxy, it is one of the most ancient Christianity, Christian churches. The Armenian Apostolic Church, like the Armenian Catholic Church, belongs to the Armenian Rite. The Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Kingdom of Armenia was the first state in history to adopt Christianity as its official religion (under the Armenian Apostolic traditions) during the rule of Tiridates III of Armenia, King Tiridates III, of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, Arsacid dynasty in the early 4th century. According to tradition, the church originated in the missions of Apostles Bartholomew the Apostle, Bartholomew and Jude the Apostle, Thaddeus (Jude) in the 1st century. St. Gregory the Illuminator was the first official primate (bishop), primate of the church. It is sometimes referred to as the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Armenian Church or Armenian Gregorian Church. The Armenian Ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ä°zmit
İzmit () is a municipality and the capital Districts of Turkey, district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 480 km2, and its population is 376,056 (2022). The capital of Kocaeli Province, it is located at the Gulf of İzmit in the Sea of Marmara, about east of Istanbul, on the northwestern part of Anatolia. Kocaeli Province (including rural areas) had a population of 2,079,072 inhabitants in 2022, of whom approximately 1.2 million lived in the largely urban İzmit City metro area made up of Kartepe, Başiskele, Körfez, Kocaeli, Körfez, Gölcük, Kocaeli, Gölcük, Derince and Sapanca (in Sakarya Province). Unlike other provinces in Turkey, apart from Istanbul, the whole province is included within the municipality of the metropolitan center. İzmit was known as Nicomedia () and Ólbia () in antiquity, and was the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire between 286 and 324, during the Tetrarchy introduced by Diocletian. Following Constantine the Grea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmud Shevket Pasha
Mahmud Shevket Pasha (, ; 1856 – 11 June 1913)David Kenneth Fieldhouse: ''Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958''. Oxford University Press, 2006 p.17 was an Ottoman military commander and statesman. During the 31 March Incident in 1909, Shevket Pasha and the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew Abdul Hamid II after an anti-Constitutionalist uprising in Constantinople. He played the role of a military dictator, surpassing the power of the CUP and the Grand Viziers after the crisis, with many observers ascribing him the title "generalissimo". As War Minister he played a leading role in military reform and the incorporation of Air Squadrons. Shevket Pasha became Grand Vizier during the First Balkan War, in the aftermath of the CUP's 23 January 1913 coup d'état, resuming war with the Balkan League. He was assassinated 6 months later by partisans of the Freedom and Accord Party, as part of a larger counter-coup attempt against the CUP. Early life and career ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nahapet Rusinian
Nahabed Rusinian (, ; 1819–1876) was a prominent Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Armenian poet, publicist, physician, orator, writer, political activist, translator, and contributor to the Armenian National Constitution. Life Nahabed Rusinian was born in the village of Efkere near Kayseri in 1819 to Armenian parents. His family moved to Constantinople in 1828. He completed his secondary education in Constantinople and in 1840, he was awarded a scholarship to continue his studies in medicine in Paris. While in Paris, Rusinian audited courses on literature and philosophy at the University of Paris, Sorbonne, and was influenced by the ideas of Lamartine, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, Victor Hugo, and other political philosophers. It was at the Sorbonne where Rusinian was confronted, for the very first time, with the principle of popular vote and other constitutionalist ideas. Rusinian returned to Constantinople in 1851 and upon recommendation of Servitchen, he beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabriel Noradoungian
Gabriel (Kapriel) Efendi Noradunkyan (, ; 6 November 1852 Constantinople - 1936 Paris) was an Ottoman Armenian statesman and bureaucrat. He served as the Minister of Trade in 1908 and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ottoman Empire from July 22, 1912 to January 23, 1913 during the reign of Mehmed V and the prime ministership of Ahmed Muhtar Pasha and Kâmil Pasha. Life and career Gabriel Noradunkyan was born in the Selamsız neighborhood of the Üsküdar district of Constantinople on 6 November 1852. He was the son of Krikor Noradunkyan, a local bread maker to the Imperial Palace. His family originated from the village of Agn (today Kemaliye) near Erzincan. Having received his elementary education at home, Gabriel Noradunkyan attended the local St. Joseph's French High School in the Kadıköy district where he graduated from in 1869. In 1870, after graduating from Saint Joseph University, Noradunkyan continued his education in Law and Political Science at Sorbonne University i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond Kévorkian
Raymond Haroutioun Kévorkian (born February 22, 1953) is a French Armenian historian. He is a Foreign Member of Armenian National Academy of Sciences. Kevorkian has a PhD in history (1980), and is a professor. Biography Kévorkian finished the University of Paris VIII: Vincennes - Saint-Denis, where he teaches and serves as Research director at the French Institute of Geopolitics (Institut Français de Géopolitique). From 1986 to 2012, Kévorkian was the director of , Paris. He is the editor of '' d'Histoire arménienne contemporaine'' journal. Kévorkian is the author of '' The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History'', "an exhaustive and authoritative account of the origins, events, and consequences of the Armenian Genocide". It was originally published in French in 2006. The book is the first to make extensive use of the archives of the Nubarian Library. In 2010, Kévorkian received the Presidential Award from Armenian President Serge Sarkisian in recognition of his contrib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BNF (identifier)
BNF may refer to: Science * Backus–Naur form, a formal grammar notation in computer science * Biological nitrogen fixation * ''British National Formulary'', a drug reference manual * β-Naphthoflavone, an organic compound Organisations * British Nutrition Foundation, a charity * Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), the French national library Political parties * Balawaristan National Front, Pakistan * Belarusian National Front () ** BPF Party, break-away group from 1993 () * Botswana National Front * British National Front The National Front (NF) is a Far-right politics, far-right, British fascism, fascist list of political parties in the United Kingdom, political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently led by Tony Martin. A minor party, it has never had it ... Other uses * Big Name Fan, a well-known fan {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
