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Aristocratic Republic (Peru)
The name of Aristocratic Republic () is given to the period following the 1895 Peruvian presidential election, 1895 election of Nicolás de Piérola as President of Peru. This period was characterised by the political dominance of an oligarchy dedicated to agro-exports, mining and finance, through the Civilista Party. The term was coined by historian Jorge Basadre. During this period, the so-called Second Civilism () took place, in contrast to Manuel Pardo y Lavalle, that of 1872 to 1876. The period begins with the rise to power of Nicolás de Piérola, which marks the beginning of a succession of democratically elected governments, until the 1919 Peruvian coup d'état, coup of Augusto B. Leguía in 1919. The only interruption of this succession occurred in 1914 when, due to differences between the Civilista Party and Guillermo Billinghurst, General Óscar R. Benavides carries out a 1914 Peruvian coup d'état, coup d'état to call general elections. It is the second longest perio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belle Époque
The Belle Époque () or La Belle Époque () was a period of French and European history that began after the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and continued until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Occurring during the era of the French Third Republic, it was a period characterised by optimism, enlightenment, romanticism, regional peace, economic prosperity, conservatism, nationalism, colonial expansion, and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In this era of France's cultural and artistic climate (particularly in Paris of that time), the arts markedly flourished, and numerous masterpieces of literature, music, theatre and visual art gained extensive recognition. The Belle Époque was so named in retrospect, when it began to be considered a continental European " Golden Age" in contrast to the horrors of the Napoleonic Wars and World War I. The Belle Époque was a period in which, according to historian R. R. Palmer, " European civilisation a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teodomiro Gutiérrez Cuevas
Teodomiro A. Gutiérrez Cuevas, also known by his pseudonym Rumi Maqui (Quechua for ''hand of stone''), was a Peruvian Army Major and Indigenous leader who led a rebellion in Puno in 1915. After his imprisonment, he escaped his prison in Arequipa in January 1917. Early life Gutiérrez was born on July 25, 1861 (other sources date his birth to the year 1864) in Cerro de Pasco, then in the Department of Junín, to Dr. Julián R. Gutiérrez and Beatriz Cuevas, daughter of an Argentine lawyer. He was admitted to the Methodist Episcopal Church on December 27, 1914, after which he maintained an active role, writing articles for the church's publications on some occasions. Military career Gutiérrez joined the Peruvian Army at the age of 15 and participated in the War of the Pacific. After the Chilean Army's successful Lima Campaign, the city of Lima was occupied by Chilean troops. During the battle for the city, he fought in the Battle of Miraflores. Gutiérrez collaborated at first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruvian Sol (1863–1985)
The sol, later ( English: gold sol), was the currency of Peru between 1863 and 1985. It had the ISO 4217 currency code PES. It was subdivided into 10 ''dineros'' or 100 ''centavos''. It also had two different superunits over its circulation life, the inca (1881–1882) and later the gold pound (1898–1931, abbreviated ''Lp.''), both worth 10 soles. History The sol was introduced in 1863 when Peru completed its decimalization, replacing the '' real'' at a rate of 1 sol = 10 reales. The sol also replaced the Bolivian peso at par, which had circulated in southern Peru.The sol and the boliviano were both pegged at 5 French francs). Between 1858 and 1863, coins had been issued denominated in reales, centavos and escudos. The sol was initially pegged to the French franc at a rate of 1 sol = 5 francs (S/. 5.25 to and S/. 1.08 to US$1). In 1880 and 1881, silver coins denominated in '' pesetas'', were issued, worth 20 centavos to the peseta. In 1881, the ''inca'', worth t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruvian Libra
The Peruvian gold pound ( Spanish: ''libra peruana de oro''; abbreviation: Lp.), was a unit of currency issued in Peru between 1898 and 1931. It was fixed in value to 10 soles de plata and was issued in the form of gold coins and banknotes, which circulated alongside coins denominated in centavos, dineros and soles. The gold pound was equal to the British sovereign. History The first pound coins were minted in 1898, to the same standard as the British sovereign (113 grains of pure gold). In 1901, Peru adopted a gold standard based on the pound worth 10 soles. The gold standard was maintained until 1932 (see Peruvian sol for more details). Coins were issued until 1930, banknotes until 1933. Coins Three denominations were minted. The Lp. 1 was for issued circulation between 1898 and 1930, the Lp. between 1902 and 1913, and the Lp. between 1905 and 1930. Banknotes Between 1914 and 1918, Cheques Circulares were issued redeemable by six banks for Lp. , Lp. 1, Lp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Catholicism
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization.Gerald O'Collins, O'Collins, p. v (preface). The church consists of 24 Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Churches, ''sui iuris'' (autonomous) churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and Eparchy, eparchies List of Catholic dioceses (structured view), around the world, each overseen by one or more Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishops. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the Papal supremacy, chief pastor of the church. The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Language
Spanish () or Castilian () is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. Today, it is a world language, global language with 483 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 558 million speakers total, including second-language speakers. Spanish is the official language of List of countries where Spanish is an official language, 20 countries, as well as one of the Official languages of the United Nations, six official languages of the United Nations. Spanish is the world's list of languages by number of native speakers, second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese; the world's list of languages by total number of speakers, fourth-most spoken language overall after English language, English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani language, Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcha De Banderas - Banda De La Escuela Militar De Chorrillos (Columbia 1911)
Marcha (born Margaretha Hendrika Maria Groeneveld on 2 July 1956), also known as Marga Bult, is a Dutch singer and television presenter, who has been a member of the groups Tulip, Babe and Dutch Divas and is also known for her participation in the 1987 Eurovision Song Contest. Tulip and Babe In 1979, Marcha joined forces with former Teach-In (band) singer Marianne Wolsink to form the duo Tulip. They had only released two singles however when, in 1981, Marcha was chosen from over 200 candidates as the replacement for the departing lead singer Gemma van Eck in girl group Babe, who had established themselves since 1979 as regular chart performers, with six top 30 singles in the Netherlands. Known as Marga Bult during this time, she recorded two albums and 14 singles with Babe, and toured extensively across Europe and Asia, before the group disbanded in June 1986. Eurovision In 1987, as a solo artist, Marcha was chosen by broadcaster NOS to be the Dutch singer for that year' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Anthem Of Peru
The "National Anthem of Peru", also known as the "National March of Peru" and "We Are Free", was adopted in 1821. The music was composed by José Bernardo Alcedo, and the lyrics were written by José de la Torre Ugarte. History Public contest of 1821 After Peru declared its independence, the general José de San Martín began a public contest to select the ''National March'', which was published on 7 August 1823 in the ministerial gazette. The contest called upon professors of poetry, composers and general aficionados, to send their signed productions to the Ministry of the State before 18 September, the day in which a designated commission would decide which of them would be adopted as the "National March". Seven compositions were entered, and on a prefixed day, they were reviewed and played in the following order: *The band musician major from the "Numancia" Battalion *That of master José Bernardo Alcedo *That of master Guapaya *That of master Tena *That of master *Tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Firme Y Feliz Por La Unión
Firm and Happy for the Union () is a motto mentioned on Peruvian currency. It first appeared on the gold 8 escudos coin in 1826 and in copper and nickel on the 8 reales coin in 1825. It was on all the currencies depicting a silver sun, from the first minted in 1863. References Carrey, Émile (1875), ''Le Pérou'' (in French), Garnier frères, pg. 2. {{DEFAULTSORT:Firme y feliz por la union Culture of Peru National mottos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lima
Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The city is considered the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru. Due to its geostrategic importance, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network has categorized it as a "beta" tier city. Jurisdictionally, the metropolis extends mainly within the province of Lima and in a smaller portion, to the west, within the Constitutional Province of Callao, where the seaport and the Jorge Chávez Airport are located. Both provinces have regional autonomy since 2002. The 2023 census projection indicates that the city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it the List of cities in the Americas b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peru (1909–1922)
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a Megadiverse countries, megadiverse country, with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west, to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country, to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has Demographics of Peru, a population of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At , Peru is the List of countries and dependencies by area, 19th largest country in the world, and the List of South American countries by area, third largest in South America. Pre-Columbian Peru, Peruvian territory was home to Andean civilizations, several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
