|
Arhat
In Buddhism, an ''Arhat'' () or ''Arahant'' (, š šš³š¦šš¢š) is one who has gained insight into the true nature of existence and has achieved ''Nirvana (Buddhism), Nirvana'' and has been liberated from the Rebirth (Buddhism), endless cycle of rebirth. The understanding of the concept has changed over the centuries, and varies between different schools of Buddhism and different regions. A range of views on the attainment of arhats existed in the early Buddhist schools. The Sarvastivada, SarvÄstivÄda, KÄÅyapÄ«ya, MahÄsÄį¹ghika, EkavyÄvahÄrika, LokottaravÄda, BahuÅrutÄ«ya, PrajƱaptivÄda, and Caitika schools all regarded arhats as imperfect in their attainments compared to buddhahood, buddhas.Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra''. 2008. p. 44Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 277 Mahayana Buddhist teachings urge followers to take up the path of a bodhisattva, and to not fall back to the level of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodhisattva
In Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a person who has attained, or is striving towards, '' bodhi'' ('awakening', 'enlightenment') or Buddhahood. Often, the term specifically refers to a person who forgoes or delays personal nirvana or ''bodhi'' in order to compassionately help other individuals reach Buddhahood. In the Early Buddhist schools, as well as modern TheravÄda Buddhism, bodhisattva (or bodhisatta) refers to someone who has made a resolution to become a Buddha and has also received a confirmation or prediction from a living Buddha that this will come to pass. In TheravÄda Buddhism, the bodhisattva is mainly seen as an exceptional and rare individual. Only a few select individuals are ultimately able to become bodhisattvas, such as Maitreya. In MahÄyÄna Buddhism, a bodhisattva refers to anyone who has generated '' bodhicitta'', a spontaneous wish and compassionate mind to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. Mahayana bodhisattvas are spiritua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nirvana (Buddhism)
Nirvana or nibbana (Sanskrit: ą¤Øą¤æą¤°ą„ą¤µą¤¾ą¤£; International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST: '; Pali: ') is the extinguishing of the passions, the "blowing out" or "quenching" of the activity of the grasping mind and its related unease. Nirvana is the goal of many Buddhism, Buddhist paths, and leads to the soteriological release from dukkha ('suffering') and rebirths in ''Saį¹sÄra (Buddhism), saį¹sÄra''. Nirvana is part of the Third Truth on "cessation of ''dukkha''" in the Four Noble Truths, and the "''summum bonum'' of Buddhism and goal of the Noble Eightfold Path, Eightfold Path." In all forms of Buddhism, Nirvana is regarded as the highest or supreme religious goal. It is often described as the unconditioned or uncompounded (Skt.: asaį¹skį¹ta, Pali: asankhata), meaning it is beyond all forms of conditionality ā not subject to change, decay, or the limitations of time and space. Nirvana is typically seen as being outside the realm of dependent ari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahayana
MahÄyÄna ( ; , , ; ) is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, Buddhist texts#MahÄyÄna texts, texts, Buddhist philosophy, philosophies, and practices developed in ancient India ( onwards). It is considered one of the three main existing branches of Buddhism, the others being TheravÄda and VajrayÄna.Harvey (2013), p. 189. MahÄyÄna accepts the main scriptures and teachings of Early Buddhist schools, early Buddhism but also recognizes various doctrines and texts that are not accepted by Theravada Buddhism as original. These include the MahÄyÄna sÅ«tras and their emphasis on the ''bodhisattva'' path and Prajnaparamita, ''PrajƱÄpÄramitÄ''. VajrayÄna or Mantra traditions are a subset of MahÄyÄna which makes use of numerous Tantra, tantric methods VajrayÄnists consider to help achieve Buddhahood. MahÄyÄna also refers to the path of the bodhisattva striving to become a fully awakened Buddha for the benefit of all sentience, sentient beings, and is thus also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eighteen Arhats
The Eighteen Arhats (or Eighteen Luohans) () are depicted in Chinese Buddhism as the original followers of Gautama Buddha ('' arhat'') who have followed the Noble Eightfold Path and attained the four stages of enlightenment. They have reached the state of Nirvana and are free of worldly cravings. They are charged to protect the Buddhist faith and to wait on earth for the coming of Maitreya, an enlightened Buddha prophesied to arrive on earth many millennia after Gautama Buddha's death (parinirvana). In China, the eighteen arhats are also a popular subject in Buddhist art, such as the famous Chinese group of glazed pottery luohans from Yixian from about 1000 CE. In China Originally, the arhats were composed of only 10 disciples of Gautama Buddha, although the earliest Indian sutras indicate that only 4 of them, Pindola, Kundadhana, Panthaka and Nakula, were instructed to await the coming of Maitreya. Earliest Chinese representations of the arhats can be traced back to as early ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sixteen Arhats
The Sixteen Arhats ( Chinese: åå ē¾ ę¼¢, pinyin: ''ShĆliĆ¹ LuĆ³hĆ n'', RÅmaji: ''JÅ«roku Rakan''; Tibetan: ą½ą½ą½¦ą¼ą½ą½¢ą¾ą½ą¼ą½ą½ ą½“ą¼ą½ą¾²ą½“ą½, "Neten Chudrug") are a group of legendary Arhats in Buddhism. The grouping of sixteen Arhats was brought to China, and later to Tibet, from India. In China, an expanded group of Eighteen Arhats later became much more popular, but worship of the sixteen Arhats still continues to the present day in China, Japan and Tibet. In Japan sixteen Arhats are particularly popular in Zen Buddhism, where they are treated as examples of behaviour. In Tibet, the sixteen Arhats, also known as sixteen sthaviras ('elders') are the subject of a liturgical practice associated with the festival of the Buddha's birth, composed by the Kashmiri teacher Shakyahribhadra (1127-1225). They are also well represented in Tibetan art. The sixteen Arhats are: File:ę å³å½¬ åå ē¾ ę¼¢å å·-The Sixteen Luohans MET DP153748.jpg File:ę å³å½¬ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddhahood
In Buddhism, Buddha (, which in classic Indo-Aryan languages, Indic languages means "awakened one") is a title for those who are Enlightenment in Buddhism, spiritually awake or enlightened, and have thus attained the Buddhist paths to liberation, supreme goal of Buddhism, variously described as Enlightenment in Buddhism, awakening or enlightenment (''bodhi''), ''Nirvana (Buddhism), NirvÄį¹a'' ("blowing out"), and Moksha, liberation (''vimokį¹£a''). A Buddha is also someone who fully understands the ''Dharma, DhÄrma'', the true nature of all things or Phenomenon, phenomena (''Abhidharma, dhÄrmata''), the Two truths doctrine, ultimate truth. Buddhahood (Sanskrit: ''buddhatva''; or ; zh, c=ęä½) is the condition and state of being a Buddha. This highest spiritual state of being is also termed ''sammÄ-sambodhi'' (Sanskrit: ''samyaksaį¹bodhi''; "full, complete awakening") and is interpreted in many different ways across schools of Buddhism. The title of "Buddha" is most c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MahÄsÄį¹ghika
The MahÄsÄį¹ghika (Brahmi script, Brahmi: š«š³šøš²šøšššŗš, "of the Great Sangha (Buddhism), Sangha", ) was a major division (nikÄya) of the early Buddhist schools in India. They were one of the two original communities that emerged from the first schism of the Pre-sectarian Buddhism, original pre-sectarian Buddhist tradition (the other being the Sthavira nikÄya, Sthavira nikaya). This schism is traditionally held to have occurred after the Second Buddhist council, which occurred at some point during or after the reign of Kalashoka. The MahÄsÄį¹ghika nikÄya developed into numerous sects which spread throughout History of India, ancient India. Some scholars think that the MahÄsÄį¹ghika Vinaya (Monasticism, monastic rule) represents the oldest Buddhist monastic source, although some other scholars think that it is not the case. While the MahÄsÄį¹ghika tradition is no longer in existence, many scholars look to the MahÄsÄį¹ghika tradition as an ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddhist Art
Buddhist art is visual art produced in the context of Buddhism. It includes Buddha in art, depictions of Gautama Buddha and other Buddhas and bodhisattvas in art, Buddhas and bodhisattvas, notable Buddhist figures both historical and mythical, narrative scenes from their lives, mandalas, and physical objects associated with Buddhist practice, such as vajras, bells, stupas and Buddhist architecture, Buddhist temple architecture. Buddhist art originated in the north of the Indian subcontinent, in modern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, with the earliest survivals dating from a few centuries after the historical life of Gautama Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama from the 6th to 5th century BCE. As Buddhism spread and evolved in each new host country, Buddhist art followed in its footsteps. It developed to the north through Central Asia and into Eastern Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, and to the east as far as Southeast Asia to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century Before the Common Era, BCE. It is the Major religious groups, world's fourth-largest religion, with about 500 million followers, known as Buddhists, who comprise four percent of the global population. It arose in the eastern Gangetic plain as a movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to Western world, the West in the 20th century. According to tradition, the Buddha instructed his followers in a path of bhavana, development which leads to Enlightenment in Buddhism, awakening and moksha, full liberation from ''Duįø„kha, dukkha'' (). He regarded this path as a Middle Way between extremes su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ÅrÄvakayÄna
''ÅrÄvakayÄna'' (; ; ) is one of the three '' yÄnas'' known to Indian Buddhism. It translates literally as the "vehicle of listeners .e. disciples. Historically it was the most common term used by MahÄyÄna Buddhist texts to describe one hypothetical path to enlightenment. ÅrÄvakayÄna is the path that meets the goals of an Arhatāan individual who achieves liberation as a result of listening to the teachings (or following a lineage) of a Samyaksaį¹buddha. A Buddha who achieved enlightenment through ''ÅrÄvakayÄna'' is called a ''ÅrÄvakabuddha'', as distinguished from a Samyaksaį¹buddha or pratyekabuddha. Use of the term Isabelle Onians asserts that although "the MahÄyÄna ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the HinayÄna, the Inferior Way," "the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts." She notes that the term ÅrÄvakayÄna was "the more politica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KÄÅyapÄ«ya
KÄÅyapÄ«ya (Sanskrit: ą¤ą¤¾ą¤¶ą„ą¤Æą¤Ŗą„ą¤Æ; Pali: ''KassapiyÄ'' or ''KassapikÄ''; ) was one of the early Buddhist schools in India. Etymology The name ''KÄÅyapÄ«ya'' is believed to be derived from KÄÅyapa, one of the original missionaries sent by King Ashoka to the Himavant country. The KÄÅyapÄ«yas were also called the ''Haimavatas''.Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 277 History The KÄÅyapÄ«yas are believed to have become an independent school ca. 190 BCE.Warder (1970/2004), p. 277. According to the Theravadin ''MahÄvaį¹sa'', the KÄÅyapÄ«ya were an offshoot of the SarvÄstivÄda. However, according to the MahÄsÄį¹ghika account, the KÄÅyapÄ«ya sect descended from the VibhajyavÄdins. Xuanzang and Yijing note small fragments of the KÄÅyapÄ«ya sect still in existence around the 7th century, suggesting that much of the sect may have adopted the MahÄyÄna teachings by this time. In the 7th century CE, Yijing grouped the MahÄ«ÅÄsaka, Dharmagup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
